The differential effects of dynamic assessment versus coded focused feedback on the process writing of EFL learners

The role of corrective feedback in general and focused feedback in particular has been investigated widely in second language (L2) writing over the past several decades. Moreover, Dynamic Assessment (DA) with its roots in socio-cultural theory has been noticed to play a role in fostering language learner development and assessment. However, their differential effects have rarely been investigated. Thus, the present study was an attempt to explore the impact of dynamic assessment (DA) and Coded Focused Feedback (CFF) on the Iranian EFL students’ writing performanc

Language and cultural peculiarities of gender realisation

The aim of the article is to reveal gender realisation peculiarities in English and German advertising text

The organisation of physiotherapy for people with multiple sclerosis across Europe: a multicentre questionnaire survey

Background Understanding the organisational set-up of physiotherapy services across different countries is increasingly important as clinicians around the world use evidence to improve their practice. This also has to be taken into consideration when multi-centre international clinical trials are conducted. This survey aimed to systematically describe organisational aspects of physiotherapy services for people with multiple sclerosis (MS) across Europe. Methods Representatives from 72 rehabilitation facilities within 23 European countries completed an online web-based questionnaire survey between 2013 and 2014. Countries were categorised according to four European regions (defined by United Nations Statistics). Similarities and differences between regions were examined. Results Most participating centres specialized in rehabilitation (82 %) and neurology (60 %), with only 38 % specialising in MS. Of these, the Western based Specialist MS centres were predominately based on outpatient services (median MS inpatient ratio 0.14), whilst the Eastern based European services were mostly inpatient in nature (median MS inpatient ratio 0.5). In almost all participating countries, medical doctors - specialists in neurology (60 %) and in rehabilitation (64 %) - were responsible for referral to/prescription of physiotherapy. The most frequent reason for referral to/prescription of physiotherapy was the worsening of symptoms (78 % of centres). Physiotherapists were the most common members of the rehabilitation team; comprising 49 % of the team in Eastern countries compared to approximately 30 % in the rest of Europe. Teamwork was commonly adopted; 86 % of centres based in Western countries utilised the interdisciplinary model, whilst the multidisciplinary model was utilised in Eastern based countries (p = 0.046). Conclusion This survey is the first to provide data about organisational aspects of physiotherapy for people with MS across Europe. Overall, care in key organisational aspects of service provision is broadly similar across regions, although some variations, for example the models of teamwork utilised, are apparent. Organisational framework specifics should be considered anytime a multi-centre study is conducted and results from such studies are applied.PubMedWoSScopu

Endoscopic transpapillary interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation

Objective: to evaluate the efficiency of endoscopic transpapillary interventions in the diagnosis and treatment of biliary complications in patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).Materials and methods. One hundred and seventy-one OLTs were carried out at the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute of Emergency Care in January to October 2010. Of them, endoscopic transpapillary interventions into the bile ducts for biliary complications were undertaken in 13 (7.6%) patients. These patients underwent a total of 33 endoscopic retrograde cholangiographies (ERCG), 13 endoscopic papillosphincterotomies, 5 bouginages, and 22 stentings.Results. There were no fatal outcomes associated with endoscopic interventions. By and large, the immediate result of endoscopic treatment was positive in 10 (77.0%) patients. Our results of endoscopic treatment were comparable with the data available in the literature.Conclusion. ERCG can reveal post-OLT bile-biliary anastomostic strictures and failure, which serve as an indication for endoscopic bilioduodenal stenting with stepwise restenting

The effectiveness of different regimens of therapy in patients with chronic forms of Epstein-Barr virus infection

Хронічна Епштейна-Барр вірусна інфекція характеризується поліморфністю клінічних проявів та змінами, які зачіпають всі ланки імунної системи, порушення яких мають комбінований характер. Відсутність досконалих схем терапії ВЕБ-інфекції є підставою для дослідження ефективності нових імунотропних препаратів, що дозволили елімінувати персистуючий вірус та призвести до тривалої ремісії. Мета роботи: оцінити ефективність препарату алокін-альфа та віферону при корекції імунних порушень у хворих з хронічними формами ВЕБ-інфекції (ХВЕБ). В результаті дослідження встановлено, що у хворих на ХВЕБ виявлено зміни у системі клітинної та гуморальної ланок імунітету та різноспрямованість імунної відповіді. Виявлені зміни імунних показників вказують на формування вторинного клітинного імунного дисбалансу, активації гуморальної ланки, зміну рівноваги імунорегуляторних медіаторів у бік Th2. Реактивація ХВЕБ характеризується збільшенням кількості клітин з кіллерною активністю: зрілих Т-лімфоцитів (СD3+), цитотоксичних Т-супресорних клітин (СD8+), клітин, що експресують активаційний маркер CD25+ (рецептор ІЛ-2) та різким падіння CD4+/СD8+. Призначення імуномоделюючого препарату алокін-альфа (алоферон) та віферону (рекомбінантного інтерферону α2β) в комбінації з валацикловіром призводить до позитивної динаміки імунологічних показників порівняно з показниками хворих групи порівняння, що виявляється посиленням проліферативної відповіді, зменшенням рівнів прозапапальних та протизапальних цитокінів та зменшенням рівнів показників, що характеризують гуморальну відповідь (ЦІК, IgM, IgG).Хроническая Эпштейна-Барр вирусная инфекция характеризуется полиморфностью клинических проявлений и изменениями, затрагивающими все звенья иммунной системы, нарушение которых имеют комбинированный характер. Отсутствие совершенных схем терапии ВЭБ-инфекции является основанием для исследования эффективности новых иммунотропных препаратов, которые позволили бы элиминировать персистирующий вирус и привести к длительной ремиссии. Цель работы: оценить эффективность препарата аллокин-альфа и препарата виферон при коррекции иммунных нарушений у больных с хроническими формами ВЭБ-инфекции (ХВЕБ). В результате исследования установлено, что у больных ХВЕБ выявлены изменения в системе клеточного и гуморального звеньев иммунитета и разнонаправленность иммунного ответа. Выявленные изменения иммунных показателей указывают на формирование вторичного клеточного иммунного дисбаланса, активации гуморального звена, изменение равновесия иммунорегуляторных медиаторов в сторону Th2. Реактивация ХВЕБ характеризуется увеличением количества клеток с киллерной активностью: зрелых Т-лимфоцитов (СD3+), цитотоксических Т-супрессорных клеток (СD8+), клеток, экспрессирующих активационный маркер CD25+ (рецептор ИЛ-2) и резким падением соотношения CD4+/СD8+. Назначение иммуномодулирующих препаратов аллокин-альфа (аллоферон) и препарата Виферон (рекомбинантного интерферона α2β) в комбинации с валацикловиром приводит к положительной динамике иммунологических показателей по сравнению с показателями больных с базисной терапией, проявляется усилением пролиферативного ответа, уменьшением уровней провоспавлительных и противовоспалительных цитокинов и уменьшением уровней показателей, характеризующих гуморальный ответ (ЦИК, Ig M, Ig G).Chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection is characterized by the polymorphism of clinical manifestations and changes affecting all parts of the immune system, the violation of which are combined. The absence of effective schemes for the therapy of EBV infection is the basis for investigating the effectiveness of new immunotropic drugs that would eliminate the persistent virus and lead to a prolonged remission. Aim of research. To research the effectiveness of the allokin-alpha and the viferon in the correction of immune disorders in patients with chronic forms of EBV infection (HEBV). Object and methods. The material for the study was the serum of patients with HEBV infection, which was obtained during the period of the disease. Blood for research was collected from the elbow vein in the amount of 10 ml in a sterile Ependorf tube. Specific antiviral antibodies (VCA-IgM, EA-IgM and EBNA-IgG) in serum were determined by the solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with production sets “IBL” (Germany) and “Vector-Best” (RF) according to the instructions given. Amplisence reagent kits (Russia) were used to detect the DNA of the EBV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with reverse transcription with hybridization and fluorescence detection of amplification products. The isolation of the DNA from the specimens was carried out using a kit for DNA extraction by the firm Miniprep (Sillex M, Russia) using the method of sorption of DNA on sorbent by Voom R et al., 1990. The serum concentrations of the cytokins: IL-lβ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 were determined using the test systems of the Protein Contour (St. Petersburg, Russia) using the manufacturer’s instructions using solid phase immunoassay (ELISA). The results of the research were processed by the method of variation and correlation statistics using the program “Statistica 10.0 for Windows”. As a result of the study, it was found that changes in the system of the cellular and humoral of immunity were revealed in patients with CEBV and the diverse direction of the immune response. The revealed changes in immune parameters indicate the formation of secondary cell immune imbalance, activation of the humoral link, and the change in the balance of immunoregulatory mediators towards Th2. Reactivation of HEBV is characterized by an increase in the number of cells with killer activity: mature T-lymphocytes (CD3+), cytotoxic T-suppressor cells (CD8+), cells expressing the activation marker CD25+ (IL-2 receptor) and a CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Appointment of immunomodulatory drugs allokine-alpha (alloferon) and the Viferon (recombinant interferon α2β) in combination with valaciclovir leads to a positive dynamics of immunological parameters as compared to the indicators of patients with baseline therapy, manifested by increased proliferative response, decreased levels of inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines and decreased levels Indicators characterizing the humoral response (CIC, Ig M, Ig G)