Teeth Abnormalities in the Dog

Teeth abnormalities can be genetically induced by disturbances in the differentiation of the dental lamina and the tooth buds, and are relatively common in dogs, especially in purebred and line-bred dogs in which the genetic fault has been perpetuated. They are most common in small-breed dogs but occur in large breeds, too. The aim of our study was to investigate permanent tooth anomalies in dogs. In 627 dogs referred for dental treatment we observed the presence of hypodontia, impacted teeth, hyperdontia, supernumerary and hyponumerary roots, focal macrodontia, focal microdontia, gemination, concrescence, fusion, dilaceration and enamel pearls. Teeth anomalies were detected in 288 (45.93%) dogs of different skull shape. The most common anomalies in the observed population were dilaceration of the root with 99 (34.4%) third lower and upper incisors, fourth lower and upper premolars and first lower and upper molars involved and hypodontia with 93 (32.3%) first and second lower and upper premolars, and third lower molars involved. The proportion of an uncommon anomaly, such as fusion, was statistically significant (p < 0.01) for second lower and upper premolars 34 (11.8%) and lower and upper molars. 22 (7.6%) dogs had hyperodontia. The most affected teeth were the second lower and upper incisors. In 18 (6.3%) dogs we observed supernumerary roots. Hyponumerary roots, macro- and microdontia

Defence reaction in dental pulp after pulp capping and partial pulpectomy in dogs

The dental pulp was capped indirectly or directly, or partial vital pulpectomy was performed on the 12 functionally most important teeth of 24 beagle dogs. For pulp capping, calcium hydroxide was used, followed by zinc phosphate as a lining, and the preparation was restored with amalgam or composite material. Histological sections were prepared and examined for degree and type of pulp inflammation (hyperaemia, pulpitis, necrosis or gangrene). Degenerative changes of dental pulp (vacuolation, calcification, amyloid or hyaline changes) were also determined. For indirect pulp capping the width of predentine in crown and root dental pulp was measured, and for direct pulp capping and partial pulpectomy (vital pulpotomy) the width and quality of the dentinal bridge were graded. The radical method of partial vital pulpectomy of the coronal part of the dental pulp in dogs produced better quality and continuity of the dentinal bridge than the less radical method of direct pulp capping. This was particularly obvious in small single root teeth such as incisors

Measurement and Simulation of Hydro-Generator’s Asynchronous Operation

The extended testing of hydro-generator with Pelton turbine (rated 35 MVA) was performed on a generator whose lifespan expired and it was going to be replaced. This was the perfect opportunity to do some specific and uncommon testing. The complex testing plan was designed in order to enable recording of as much relevant data as possible (electrical, electromechanical, mechanical). Therefore, in some phases of testing, 29 to 44 quantities were measured simultaneously. Among the tests, there are short circuits with lowered voltage, bad synchronization at approximate angle of 15 degrees, asynchronous operation, generator overspeed and operation with short circuited field winding on one pole. The most interesting and the most critical operation during this testing is asynchronous operation of hydro-generator [1, 2, 3, 4, 5], which is also very dangerous for generator and drive equipment. During such operation synchronous generator operates at a speed unequal to rated speed. This slip causes increased damping winding currents, which increases the thermal stress of this winding beyond the designed level. This makes these tests very infrequent. Asynchronous operating was achieved by decreasing the excitation current. Complex mathematical model for computer simulation of hydro-generator’s asynchronous operation has been made, taking into consideration the magnetic saturation, damper winding and generator transformer’s influence. Results obtained by simulations have been compared to those obtained by measurements

Medical causes of admissions to hospital among adults in Africa: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Despite the publication of several studies on the subject, there is significant uncertainty regarding the burden of disease among adults in sub-Saharan Africa (sSA). OBJECTIVES: To describe the breadth of available data regarding causes of admission to hospital, to systematically analyze the methodological quality of these studies, and to provide recommendations for future research. DESIGN: We performed a systematic online and hand-based search for articles describing patterns of medical illnesses in patients admitted to hospitals in sSA between 1950 and 2010. Diseases were grouped into bodily systems using International Classification of Disease (ICD) guidelines. We compared the proportions of admissions and deaths by diagnostic category using χ2. RESULTS: Thirty articles, describing 86,307 admissions and 9,695 deaths, met the inclusion criteria. The leading causes of admission were infectious and parasitic diseases (19.8%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 19.6-20.1), respiratory (16.2%, 95% CI 16.0-16.5) and circulatory (11.3%, 95% CI 11.1-11.5) illnesses. The leading causes of death were infectious and parasitic (17.1%, 95% CI 16.4-17.9), circulatory (16%, 95% CI 15.3-16.8) and digestive (16.2%, 95% CI 15.4-16.9). Circulatory diseases increased from 3.9% of all admissions in 1950-59 to 19.9% in 2000-2010 (RR 5.1, 95% CI 4.5-5.8, test for trend p<0.00005). The most prevalent methodological deficiencies, present in two-thirds of studies, were failures to use standardized case definitions and ICD guidelines for classifying illnesses. CONCLUSIONS: Cardiovascular and infectious diseases are currently the leading causes of admissions and in-hospital deaths in sSA. Methodological deficiencies have limited the usefulness of previous studies in defining national patterns of disease in adults. As African countries pass through demographic and health transition, they need to significantly invest in clinical research capacity to provide an accurate description of the disease burden among adults for public health policy

AN EXAMPLE OF APPLYING ALGORITHM TO CREATE THE ACTUAL PQ DIAGRAM OF A HYDROGENERATOR

U radu je prikazana provedba metodologije određivanja korisničke pogonske karte na primjeru hidroagregata br. 3 u HE Vinodol. Kao predložak u pripremi podloga i sustavnom određivanju granica dopuštenog rada agregata poslužio je blok dijagram sa slike 15 u [1], koji na pregledan način ocrtava tijek provedbe pojedinih radnji potrebnih za tvorbu korisničke pogonske karte. Svi međukoraci su dokumentirani, a dobiveni rezultati prikazani tablično i grafički. Svaka od konačno određenih granica je ucrtana u korisničku pogonsku kartu promatranog agregata. S obzirom na složenost provedbe proračuna graničnih uvjeta koje nameću elektromagnetska i toplinska zbivanja u čeonom prostoru, u radu je na konkretnom primjeru iz prakse prikazana potpuno nova metodologija utvrđivanja graničnih vrijednosti uzdužne komponente magnetske indukcije, temeljeno na rezultatima mjerenja indukcije i pripadne nadtemperature u trajnom kapacitivnom radu generatora. Predložena metoda je primjenjiva za bilo koji sinkroni generator.The work describes the application of the methodology of defining the actual PQ diagram on the example of Hydrogenerator-turbine unit No. 3 at Vinodol Hydroelectric Power Plant. Used as a basis for preparing documents and determining the unit’s operating tolerances was a block diagram in Figure 15, contained in [1], which provides a clear survey of the sequence of steps required to create an actual PQ diagram. All intermediate steps are documented and the obtained results are shown in tables and graphics. Each of finally defined limits is imported into the actual PQ diagram of the observed unit. Considering the complexity of calculating the limit conditions imposed by electromagnetic and thermal occurrences in the end region, in a concrete example from practice the present work describes an entirely new methodology of determining the limit values of the longitudinal magnetic induction component, based on the results of measuring induction and pertaining over-temperature in the generator’s permanent capacitive operation. The proposed method is applicable to any synchronous generator

Vertical Transmission of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Humans

This study is part of the project “Pneumocystis Pathogenomics: Unravelling the Colonization-to-Disease Shift,” a Coordination Action supported by the European Commission (ERANET PathoGenoMics). This study was partially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS 03/1743). M.A.M.-C. and C.d.l.H. were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS CP-04/217 and FIS CM-04/146).Ye