Robust adjustment of a geodetic network measured by satellite technology in the Dargovských Hrdinov suburb

This article addresses the adjustment of a 3D geodetic network in the Dargovských Hrdinov suburbs using Global Navigation SatelliteSystems (GNSS) for the purposes of deformation analysis. The advantage of using the GNSS compared to other terrestrial technology is thatit is not influenced by unpredictability in the ground level atmosphere and individual visibilities between points in the observed network arenot necessary. This article also includes the planning of GNSS observations using Planning Open Source software from Trimble as well assubsequent observations at individual network points. The geodetic network is processing on the basis of the Gauss-Markov model usingthe least square method and robust adjustment. From robust methods, Huber’s Robust M-estimation and Hampel’s Robust M-estimationwere used. Individual adjustments were tested and subsequently the results of analysis were graphically visualised using absolute confidenceellipsoids

Precision of GNSS instruments by static method comparing in real time

Tablet paper describes comparison of measuring accuracy two apparatus from the firm Leica. One of them recieve signals onlyfrom GPS satelites and another instrument is working with GPS and also with GLONASS satelites. Measuring is carry out by RTK staticmethod with 2 minutes observations. Measurement processing is separated to X, Y (position) and h (heigh). Adjustment of directobservations is used as a adjusting method

Processing of a geodetic network determined in ETRS-89 with application of different cofactors

At present, manufacturers characterize the accuracy of vectors measured by the static method of GNSS technology usingrelationship 5 mm + 1⋅ D ppm . The advantage of the GNSS system over other terrestrial technologies is that it is not affectedby uncertainties in the ground layers of the atmosphere. The paper presents experimental measurement of the 3D geodetic network usingthe technology of global navigation satellite systems, processing and analysis of measurements taken at the Čierny Váh pumping hydropowerstation. Observations were carried out in July 2008. The aim of the paper is to assess parameters used in the model to estimateparameters of the first and second order of the network structures

The use of global navigation satellite systems for deformation analysis of the Dargovských hrdinov housing estate

In this paper, the deformation analysis of the Dargovských hrdinov housing estate using global navigation satellite systemsis described. Theoretically, it deals with the reasons of formation of slope deformations, the ways of their measurement, and withthe recent development and availability of GNSS. Particular attention is paid to the description of the deformation analysis technique,beginning with working out the project, locating by the GNSS, up to processing and testing of the deformation network. The practicalpart is based on the theoretical knowledge and describes the measurement procedure, the equipment used, working methodologyand testing of the bonding network. Based on the results obtained by the deformation analysis, the paper offers information aboutthe recent condition of the investigated area

Comparison of deformation analyses performed on the basis of GNSS observations using single-frequenc y and double-freque ncy measurement receivers

The given article addresses 2D processing of a deformation network measured using Global Navigation Satellite Systems in partof the Dargovských Hrdinov housing estate. In order to performdeformation analyses and their comparison, two stages of measurementwere performed using single-frequency as well as double-frequency measurement receivers.Experimental measurements were taken using the static method by permanent observation at selected observed and reference points of the deformation network. The geodetic network in both stages was processed using the Gauss-Markov model with full rank and using the least square method whilst observations were tested and the results of performed deformation analyses were graphically visualised using relative confidence ellipses on the basis of a positional and altitudinal plan

Exposure to flame retardants in European children — Results from the HBM4EU aligned studies

Many legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) have adverse human and environmental health effects. This study reports legacy and emerging FRs in children from nine European countries from the HBM4EU aligned studies. Studies from Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Denmark, France, Greece, Slovenia, Slovakia, and Norway conducted between 2014 and 2021 provided data on FRs in blood and urine from 2136 children. All samples were collected and analyzed in alignment with the HBM4EU protocols. Ten halogenated FRs were quantified in blood, and four organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) metabolites quantified in urine. Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were infrequently detected (<16% of samples). BDE-47 was quantified in blood from Greece, France, and Norway, with France (0.36 ng/g lipid) having the highest concentrations. BDE-153 and -209 were detected in <40% of samples. Dechlorane Plus (DP) was quantified in blood from four countries, with notably high median concentrations of 16 ng/g lipid in Slovenian children. OPFR metabolites had a higher detection frequency than other halogenated FRs. Diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) was quantified in 99% of samples across 8 countries at levels ∼5 times higher than other OPFR metabolites (highest median in Slovenia of 2.43 ng/g lipid). FR concentrations were associated with lifestyle factors such as cleaning frequency, employment status of the father of the household, and renovation status of the house, among others. The concentrations of BDE-47 in children from this study were similar to or lower than FRs found in adult matrices in previous studies, suggesting lower recent exposure and effectiveness of PBDE restrictions