Long-Term Developmental Changes in Children's Lower-Order Big Five Personality Facets

__Objective:__ This study examined long-term developmental changes in mother-rated lower-order facets of children's Big Five dimensions. __Method:__ Two independent community samples covering early childhood (2-4.5 years; N=365, 39% girls) and middle childhood to the end of middle adolescence (6-17 years; N=579, 50% girls) were used. All children had the Belgian nationality. Developmental changes were examined using cohort-sequential latent growth modeling on the 18 facets of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children. __Results:__ In early childhood, changes were mostly similar across child gender. Between 2 and 4.5 years, several facets showed mean-level stability; others changed in the direction of less Extraversion and Emotional Stability, and more Benevolence and Imagination. The lower-order facets of Conscientiousness showed opposite changes. Gender differences became more apparent from middle childhood onward for facets of all dimensions except Imagination, for which no gender differences were found. Between 6 and 17 years, same-dimension facets showed different shapes of growth. Facets that changed linearly changed mostly in the direction of less Extraversion, Benevolence, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Imagination. Changes in facets for which nonlinear growth was found generally moved in direction or magnitude during d

Long-term developmental changes in children’s lower-order Big Five personality facets

Objective This study examined long-term developmental changes in mother-rated lower-order facets of children's Big Five dimensions. Method Two independent community samples covering early childhood (2–4.5 years; N = 365, 39% girls) and middle childhood to the end of middle adolescence (6–17 years; N = 579, 50% girls) were used. All children had the Belgian nationality. Developmental changes were examined using cohort-sequential latent growth modeling on the 18 facets of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children. Results In early childhood, changes were mostly similar across child gender. Between 2 and 4.5 years, several facets showed mean-level stability; others changed in the direction of less Extraversion and Emotional Stability, and more Benevolence and Imagination. The lower-order facets of Conscientiousness showed opposite changes. Gender differences became more apparent from middle childhood onward for facets of all dimensions except Imagination, for which no gender differences were found. Between 6 and 17 years, same-dimension facets showed different shapes of growth. Facets that changed linearly changed mostly in the direction of less Extraversion, Benevolence, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Imagination. Changes in facets for which nonlinear growth was found generally moved in direction or magnitude during developmental transitions. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive, fine-grained knowledge about personality development during the first two decades of life

Long-term developmental changes in children’s lower-order Big Five personality facets

Objective This study examined long-term developmental changes in mother-rated lower-order facets of children's Big Five dimensions. Method Two independent community samples covering early childhood (2–4.5 years; N = 365, 39% girls) and middle childhood to the end of middle adolescence (6–17 years; N = 579, 50% girls) were used. All children had the Belgian nationality. Developmental changes were examined using cohort-sequential latent growth modeling on the 18 facets of the Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children. Results In early childhood, changes were mostly similar across child gender. Between 2 and 4.5 years, several facets showed mean-level stability; others changed in the direction of less Extraversion and Emotional Stability, and more Benevolence and Imagination. The lower-order facets of Conscientiousness showed opposite changes. Gender differences became more apparent from middle childhood onward for facets of all dimensions except Imagination, for which no gender differences were found. Between 6 and 17 years, same-dimension facets showed different shapes of growth. Facets that changed linearly changed mostly in the direction of less Extraversion, Benevolence, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Imagination. Changes in facets for which nonlinear growth was found generally moved in direction or magnitude during developmental transitions. Conclusion This study provides comprehensive, fine-grained knowledge about personality development during the first two decades of life

Checklist of the New Zealand flora : seed plants

INTRODUCTION: The scientific names of plants “provide a means of reference to facilitate communication about those organisms” (Turland 2013). Established over 300 years ago, the process of naming plants is today governed by the International Code of Nomenclature, with the names themselves anchored by a type specimen. In this electronic age the names remain a vital means of accessing and sharing information. As a result of new scientific research our understanding of plant species is constantly evolving, with old hypotheses being tested and new hypotheses of relationship being inferred as our knowledge improves. This expansion of our knowledge frequently leads to changes in the application of names and the publication of new names. A comprehensive list of names, including accepted names and their synonyms, and the relationship between names and their application, is important for anyone wanting to access and manage biological information. At the Allan Herbarium (CHR), Manaaki Whenua — Landcare Research, the New Zealand Plant Names Database (PND) provides a contemporary account of the names of New Zealand indigenous and naturalised plants. The PND lists nearly 50,000 scientific names, primarily for hornworts, lichens, liverworts, mosses, ferns and seed plants in New Zealand, as well as some information for freshwater algae and our cultivated flora. The PND indicates which of the names are preferred for use at the Allan Herbarium, and provides information on the authorship and biostatus of the taxa. In addition to the scientific names, the PND is also used to record taxonomic concepts and associated literature, and vernacular and Māori names. The data in the PND are continuously curated and updated. The updated data are published twice weekly to Ngā Tipu o Aotearoa – New Zealand Plants website (http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz). The changes in the data are also summarised in quarterly reports that are published to the Manaaki Whenua — Landcare Research Datastore (http://datastore.landcareresearch.co.nz/organization/plant-names-database-reports)

Effects of proton irradiation on flux-pinning properties of underdoped Ba(Fe0.96Co0.04)(2)As-2 pnictide superconductor

We study the effect of proton irradiation on Ba(Fe0.96Co0.04)2As2 superconducting single crystals from combined magnetisation and magnetoresistivity measurements. The study allows the extraction of the values of the apparent pinning energy U0 of the samples prior to and after irradiation, as well as comparison of the values of U0 obtained from the flux-flow reversible region with those from the flux-creep irreversible region. Irradiation reduces Tc modestly, but significantly reduces U0 in both regimes: the critical current density Jc is modified, most strikingly by the disappearance of the second magnetisation peak after irradiation. Analysis of the functional form of the pinning force and of the temperature dependence of Jc for zero field, indicates that proton irradiation in this case has not changed the pinning regime, but has introduced a high density of shallow point-like defects. By considering a model that takes into account the effect of disorder on the irreversibility line, the data suggests that irradiation produced a considerable reduction in the average effective disorder overall, consistent with the changes observed in U0 and Jc