Time allocation of rural women in the Philippines : the case of Laguna

This study was conducted to investigate the productive roles of women by analysing the number of hours devoted to their activities. The major objectives were to (1) examine women's time allocation by demographic, social and economic characteristics of women and the households to which they belonged; (2) determine the changes that occurred in women's time allocation between 1975 and 1985; (3) examine the sexual division of domestic work; and (4) investigate the undercounting of women's economic activities. The sources of data used in this study were the 1975, 1982 and 1985 Laguna Household Surveys. This study divides women's activities into three categories: domestic work, market work and personal care. Regardless of employment status, domestic work was the dominant activity of Laguna mothers throughout this period. Activities centering on the kitchen formed the most time-consuming component of domestic work, followed by child rearing and other housework. Work for wages and 'other market activities' such as trading and retailing were the main components of employed mothers' market activities, whereas activities related to crop production contributed the least. The burden of employed women's productive and reproductive roles affected their personal pursuits. As the number of hours devoted to market activities increased, a lower number of hours was spent on leisure, sleeping and personal activities because the time devoted to domestic activities remained stable. However, the time spent on total work (domestic and market work combined) by employed women was markedly less than the time spent on personal activities. This may reflect the fact that even if women had wanted to participate more in income-earning activities, they would be able to do so because jobs were not available. The unavailability of suitable jobs could also explain the lack of significant increase in the time devoted to market work of women between 1975 and 1985. As expected, the time spent on domestic work decreased between 1975 and 1985; however, the time saved was shifted mainly to personal activities. In effect, the number of hours devoted to market activities did not increase significantly despite the infrastructural development and technological innovations in agriculture during the period of study. Others probably benefited from such developmental efforts, but not the respondents of the study, probably because the women were considerably older (the mean age of women was 40 in 1985) and they lacked the necessary skills required by most manufacturing companies. The domestic work of non-employed and employed women was significantly affected by the age of the youngest child but not by the number of children. The time devoted to domestic activities was reduced as the youngest child grew older. Finally, through the use of time-allocation data the subsistence work of women which has normally been regarded as non-labour force work can be measured. The availability of this data will help to illustrate the importance of subsistence and small-scale activities in meeting the economic needs of the households in the developing countries and will thereby affect government perspectives and policies

Towards an Inclusive and Sustainable Disaster Resiliency Model for Flood-Vulnerable Communities in Davao City, Southern Philippines

Development and disasters are closely linked, but the cause-andeffect relationship between the two has been ignored in the past. Thus, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) observed that disasters were seen in the context of emergency response and not as part of long-term development programming. Over time, effects of disasters can seriously degrade a country’s long-term potential for sustained development. Vulnerable communities of Davao City in the Southern Philippines has experienced flooding that led to catastrophic results such as damage to property and loss of lives. Communities need to build its resiliency to respond to flooding and mitigate its negative impacts, while policy makers and leaders need to consciously and regularly review and update its existing policies to address gaps and promote effective community engagement. This paper highlights the results from the quantitative phase of the study to examine and analyze the respondents’ vulnerability, awareness, and perception of flood risks. A survey using multistage cluster sampling was conducted among 353 respondents from the top 5 flood-vulnerable barangays. Data from the key informant interviews and focus group discussions were also integrated to provide an in-depth explanation of the patterns emerging from the survey. Results of the study revealed that the vulnerability is associated with sociodemographic characteristics, experience in flooding, and responses to flooding. Moreover, risk reduction strategies can be further enhanced through risk communication management using a localized and participatory approach in the proper knowledge transfer of flood risk communication among the stakeholders involved. Community-based policies and well-defined communication processes must be strengthened to promote inclusive approach towards effective community-based disaster preparedness and management

Towards Liberating Education: A Proposed Rights-based Instructional Planning Approach for Teaching Higaonon Learners in the Philippines

This study proposes a rights-based instructional planning approach for teachers serving indigenous learners, particularly those assigned to schools in Higaonon communities (IPEd). The content of the paper focuses on the following:(1) assumptions about Higaonon indigenous learners; (2) components of the right-based instructional planning approach; and (3) facilitating and hindering factors that may affect the implementation of the right-based instructional planning approach. The researcher used an exploratory research design to develop the proposed planning approach. It was conducted in Higaonon communities in the Municipality of Esperanza, Agusan Del Sur, Philippines. The responses of the selected school officials, IPEd teachers, Higaonon tribal leaders, parents, students, and external stakeholders. The responses of the selected school officials, IPEd teachers, Higaonon tribal leaders, parents, students, and external stakeholders. This paper strongly believes that shifting from a culture-based to right-based IPEd teaching approach is expected to lay down positive changes in all aspects of life for indigenous learners, including social, economic, education, civic, and political, as they begin to understand and protect the inherent rights to ancestral domains, cultural integrity, self-governance, and social justice which are accounted for them. The early inculcation of Indigenous Peoples Rights Act (IPRA) law into their identity formation through school curriculum is projected to eradicate all forms of discrimination, exclusion, alienation, disintegration, and vulnerabilities in mainstream societies

Vulnerability Profile and Risk Perception towards an Inclusive DRR for Flood-Vulnerable Communities in Davao City, Philippines

Vulnerable communities of Davao City, Southern Philippines has experienced flooding that leads to catastrophic effects costing damage to properties and loss of lives. Communities need to build its resiliency to respond to flooding and mitigate its negative impacts, while policy makers and leaders need to consciously, regularly review and update its existing policies to address gaps and promote effective community engagement. This paper highlights the results from the quantitative phase of the study to examine and analyze the respondents’ vulnerability, awareness and perception of flood risks. A survey using multi-stage cluster sampling was conducted among 353 respondents from the top five (5) flood vulnerable barangays. Data from the key informant interviews and focus group discussions were also integrated to provide an in-depth explanation of the patterns emerging from the survey. Results of the study revealed that the vulnerability is associated with socio-demographic characteristics, experience in flooding and responses to flooding. Moreover, risk reduction strategies can be further enhanced through a risk communication management using a localized and participatory approach in the proper knowledge transfer of flood risk communication among the stakeholders involved. Community-based policies and well-defined communication processes must be strengthened to promote inclusive approach towards effective community-based disaster preparedness and management

Vulnerability Profile and Risk Perception towards an Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction for the Flood Vulnerable Communities of Davao City

Development and disasters are closely linked but the cause-and-effect relationship between disasters and socio-economic development was ignored in the past. Thus, the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) observed that disasters were seen in the context of emergency response and not as part of long-term development programming. Overtime, effects of disasters can seriously degrade a country’s long-term potential for sustained development. Vulnerable communities of Davao City have experienced flooding that leads to catastrophic effects costing damage to properties and loss of lives. Communities need to build its resiliency to respond to flooding and mitigate its negative impacts, while policy makers and leaders need to consciously, regularly review and update its existing policies to address gaps and promote effective community engagement. This study aims to examine and analyze the respondents’ vulnerability, awareness and perception of flood risks. A survey using multi-stage cluster sampling was conducted among 353 respondents from the top five (5) flood vulnerable barangays. Data from the key informant interviews and focus group discussions were also integrated to provide an in-depth explanation of the patterns emerging from the survey. Results of the study revealed that the vulnerability is associated with socio-demographic characteristics, experience in flooding and responses to flooding. Moreover, risk reduction strategies can be further enhanced through a risk communication management using a localized and participatory approach in the proper knowledge transfer of flood risk communication among the stakeholders involved. Community-based policies and well-defined communication processes must be strengthened to promote inclusive approach towards effective community-based disaster preparedness and management