Geotechnical Failures Case Histories of Construction on Soft Soils, Forensic Investigations and Counter Measures in Indonesia

Geotechnical failures of construction on soft soils frequently occur in many locations in Indonesia and several of them have been due to negligence or lack of knowledge in appropriate technology. This paper discusses geotechnical forensic investigation of some case histories and technology involved for corrective measures that are generally practiced in Indonesia and also discusses some aspects of the analytical and empirical methods of geotechnical analysis. Particular focus is placed on the case histories of failures of excavation and embankment on soft soils. Some cases have uncommon causes and become new lessons to consider in design and procedure of construction. In most cases, the paper is based on the author’s experience in the last two decades. Although this paper does not explain all types of the geotechnical failures occurrence in Indonesia, the scope of the paper highlight similar events commonly found

Bone Development and Growth

The process of bone formation is called osteogenesis or ossification. After progenitor cells form osteoblastic lines, they proceed with three stages of development of cell differentiation, called proliferation, maturation of matrix, and mineralization. Based on its embryological origin, there are two types of ossification, called intramembranous ossification that occurs in mesenchymal cells that differentiate into osteoblast in the ossification center directly without prior cartilage formation and endochondral ossification in which bone tissue mineralization is formed through cartilage formation first. In intramembranous ossification, bone development occurs directly. In this process, mesenchymal cells proliferate into areas that have high vascularization in embryonic connective tissue in the formation of cell condensation or primary ossification centers. This cell will synthesize bone matrix in the periphery and the mesenchymal cells continue to differentiate into osteoblasts. After that, the bone will be reshaped and replaced by mature lamellar bone. Endochondral ossification will form the center of primary ossification, and the cartilage extends by proliferation of chondrocytes and deposition of cartilage matrix. After this formation, chondrocytes in the central region of the cartilage start to proceed with maturation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. After the primary ossification center is formed, the marrow cavity begins to expand toward the epiphysis. Then the subsequent stages of endochondral ossification will take place in several zones of the bone

Study of Anisotropy Characteristics of Bogor Volcanic Soil

Anisotropy in soil results from the deposition process which describes the characteristics of the soil grains or is caused by stress or from the consequences of stresses caused during deposition and subsequent erosion. All soils behave in general anisotropy and some exhibit undrained shear strength. This study conducted 2 tests, namely the first field testing with original soil samples in the form of CPTu and dilatometer. The CPTu test's objective is to determine the vertical soil parameters, while the dilatometer is to determine the horizontal soil parameters. This study indicates that the indication of anisotropy in all shear strength tests is evident in the results of the CPTu test and the Dilatometer test. TX - UU and consolidation show that the horizontal shear strength (Suh) is greater than the vertical slope shear strength (Suv). In this case, the ratio obtained for shear strength is Suh = 1.3 Suv. And from the results of the consolidation test in the laboratory, it was found that the horizontal compression index parameter  (Cc horizontal) was greater than the vertical (Cc vertical) and the horizontal coefficient of consolidation (Ch) is greater than the vertical coefficient of consolidation (Cv)

Performance Analysis Of “Toga†Foundation With Cap On Thick Soft Soil Based On Laboratory Models And Finite Element Analysis

Various alternative foundations are offered depending on soil conditions from the results of soil investigations. In difficult soil types such as thick, soft soil layers, pile foundation is generally used to avoid the excess settlements, but deep foundations for small buildings are not the right solution when viewed from a cost perspective. One of the more economical foundations is to use the†toga†foundation, with a plate on top and a caisson underneath where the caisson can be inserted into the soil with an open end. Through this study, the carrying capacity of the†toga†foundation will be analyzed. Then the foundation will be made on a laboratory scale and tested with axial load. The load and deformation relationship were analyzed using PLAXIS 3D analysis. It can be concluded the performance of the â€toga†foundation on thick, soft soil can be used for two-floored building

Challenge for the Design and Construction of Jakarta MRT from Geotechnical and Traffic Engineering Perspectives

Traffic condition in Jakarta has reached critical level without the support of adequate public transportation. Jakarta MRT is another transportation mode proposed for the solution. However, this system will not respond to the issue without integration with existing transportation modes i.e., Bus-Trans-Jakarta and LRT. This paper discusses the geotechnical and traffic engineering aspects of the design and construction of Jakarta MRT. In geotechnical perspectives, the fact that soil conditions in Jakarta are soft, so construction requires careful design and method to reduce disturbance to existing traffic conditions. Diaphragm wall used with top-down construction has been proved as the best solution and the use of TBM is required. In traffic engineering perspectives, all existing transportation modes are considered in the determination of MRT station locations as well as the challenge of substructures construction in the soft soil area. Considering public safety during construction, it has been designed with combined elevated railways at the south corridor and subway in the northern corridor.  This study concluded that the selection of the station locations considering integrated all public transportation modes is a must and the construction method for subsurface structures should be selected carefully to reduce traffic disturbance in Jakarta and to keep public safety

Development Study of T-Z Curve Generated from Kentledge System and Bidirectional Test

Pile loading tests to check the bearing capacity to support large loads. We can also use it to measure its deflection under lateral load.  There  are  two  tests:  the  axial  static  pile  load  test (Kentledge)  and  the  two-directional  static  pile  load  test (Bidirectional).  T-Z  curve  as  the  result  analysis  based  on  the instrumented  pile  test  data  describes  the  load  distribution  and mobilized skin friction along with the pile. Numbers of Vibrating Wire  Strain  Gauge  (VWSG)  mounted  in  several  depths  of  the bored  pile  and  two  tell-tale  on  top  and  toe  of  the  pile  used  as primary  data  in  this  research.  This  research  to  determine  the different  distribution  of  mobilized  skin  friction.  The  pile  from two different pile load test methods from the calculated t-z curve as  the  study  developed  from  both  methods  of  pile  test.  The research results that the kentledge system has bigger mobilized skin friction than in bidirectional test

Investigation of Pile Behavior Toward Abutment Construction using PLAXIS 3D: Case Study on Lembak Bridge

Soil  as  a  subgrade  foundation  under  embankment  construction often  creates  problems  in  terms  of  stability  and  settlement. Therefore, it needs improvement by using preloading embankment. This article presents the investigation of pile behavior towards two scenarios  of  abutment  construction  using  Plaxis  3D,  a  three- dimensional  finite  element  program.  The  use  of  two  scenarios  of analysis was Method A. The abutment construction phase conduct without using a preloading embankment, and Method B, where a preloading  embankment  constructs  before  the  abutment construction.  The  case  study  location  at  the  Lembak  bridge. Compare  the  analysis  results  with  the  measured  data.  Results showed that Method A and Method B's pile deflection yielded four times  and  one  point  six  times  larger  than  the  measure  data, respectively.  Hence,  it  indicates  that  Method  B  recommends  for future construction of bridge abutment

KARAKTERISTIK PENDERITA OMSK TIPE AMAN DENGAN RINITIS ALERGI DI IRJ RSUD DR. SOETOMO SURABAYA PERIODE JULI — DESEMBER 2017

Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammatory process of the middle ear mucosa and mastoid cavity accompanied by tympanic membrane perforation and a history of discharge from the ear canal for more than two months, whether continuous or intermittent. The presence of allergies is thought to play an important role in the occurrence of safe type CSOM. Until now there have been no studies on the characteristics of safe type CSOM patients with allergic rhinitis at the IRJ Hospital Dr. Soetomo Surabaya in 2017. Based on this, it is necessary to conduct research to find out information on the characteristics of patients with safe type CSOM with allergic rhinitis at the IRJ Hospital Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. This study was a retrospective descriptive observational study on secondary data in the form of medical records in patients with safe type CSOM with allergic rhinitis who were treated at the RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. The results showed that the highest sex distribution was women (75%), the most age group was the age range of 21-30 years (30.56%), the most regional origin was Surabaya (58.33%), the highest employment status was not working (50%), most patients had a history of allergies (86.11%), the most family history of allergic patients was eczema (41.67%), and most allergens were house dust mites (77.77%)