The Relationship between Elementary Chemical Composition and Extraction Method for Protium Strumosum Daly Species Resin

The genus Protium Burm f., the most abundant of the Burseraceae family, has its primary center of diversity in the Amazon. Its main characteristic is the exudation of “Breu”, an aromatic resin collected directly from the trunk of the trees.Stimulating pastes have been used to increase resin flow, such as 2-chloroethylphosphonic (Ethephon). It is important to evaluate variations in the composition of the resin extracted naturally and with the use of the stimulant, to guarantee the product quality. The inorganic analysis is also fundamental to verify the presence of compounds harmful to health.A quali-quantitative elemental variation of the resin between the two extraction modes was proved by WD-XRF analysis. In 15 samples, Mg and F were only observed in those using Ethephon. In samples from the same tree, the qualitative difference is 54%, proving a discrepancy in the chemical composition of Breu, which can alter its properties

Direct and indirect effects of risks on service-oriented supply chain: a covid-19 pandemic perspective

Purpose - A solid service-oriented foundation is required to make supply chain management a competitive advantage, especially in this Covid-19 pandemic. A well-established service-oriented supply chain becomes more adaptable to changing client expectations. This study aims at analysing the direct and indirect impact of risks on the service-oriented supply chain from a pandemic perspective. Design/methodology/approach - The Q-sort method is applied with the participation of nine top-level managers to initially review the reliability, validity, and unidimensionality of research concepts. Then a questionnaire containing these measuring variables is developed to obtain the opinions of those who are experienced in logistics and supply chain management. These empirical data are analysed based on Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) to evaluate direct and indirect effects of risks on supply chain performance. Findings - The risk is inherent in service-oriented supply chains, affecting both direct and indirect performance. The proposed risk model explains 33.6 percent of Supplier performance, 46.4 percent of Operational performance, 47.1 percent of Customer satisfaction, and 46.5 percent of Finance variation. We found that service-oriented supply chains effectively monitor demand risk. External risk has the smallest impact on supply chain performance measures, whereas demand risk has the smallest effect. That a service-oriented supply chain is focused on meeting customer demand and managing demand-related risks is reinforced by these findings. Research limitations/implications - In the literature on supply chain risk management, resilience studies and disruption management receive less attention than studies on risk assessment and risk mitigation (Katsaliaki et al., 2021). Future supply chain risk management research should differentiate between risk-as an event and/or risk-as a process since they have different periodic effects on response management and resilience. Originality/value - This is a pioneering study lookingJICA - Japan International Cooperation Agency(undefined)This work was supported by the project of “An Empirical Study on Services Value Chain based on the Experiential and Credibility Values” (Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) No.25240050), and Japanese Government by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) through AUN/SEED-Net Project: 022674.242.2015/JICA-A

Influence of abiotic factors on the chemical composition of copaiba oil (Copaifera multijuga Hayne): soil composition, seasonality and diameter at breast height

Copaiba oils are important medicinal products used primarily for their healing and anti-inflammatory activities. Consisting of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, these oils have variable composition which, according to the literature, may originate from several factors. In order to analyze the relationship between chemical composition and abiotic factors such as seasonality, diameter at breast height (DBH) and soil composition, sixteen of oilresin samples of Copaifera multijuga Hayne, from the Ducke Forest Reserve (Manaus City, Amazon State, Brazil), were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-five compounds were identified and the results evaluated by multivariate analysis (hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA)), allowing differentiation of the samples into two groups with different compositions. One of them presented β-caryophyllene as the major constituent, while the other presented caryophyllene oxide. This variation in composition appears to depend on soil type. Other factors previously described as essential for defining the chemical composition of copaiba oils, such as seasonality and DBH, showed no significant influence on the chemical composition of oils of this species

A Deviation from the Bipolar-Tetrapolar Mating Paradigm in an Early Diverged Basidiomycete

In fungi, sexual identity is determined by specialized genomic regions called MAT loci which are the equivalent to sex chromosomes in some animals and plants. Usually, only two sexes or mating types exist, which are determined by two alternate sets of genes (or alleles) at the MAT locus (bipolar system). However, in the phylum Basidiomycota, a unique tetrapolar system emerged in which four different mating types are generated per meiosis. This occurs because two functionally distinct molecular recognition systems, each encoded by one MAT region, constrain the selection of sexual partners. Heterozygosity at both MAT regions is a pre-requisite for mating in both bipolar and tetrapolar basidiomycetes. Tetrapolar mating behaviour results from the absence of genetic linkage between the two regions bringing forth up to thousands of mating types. The subphylum Pucciniomycotina, an early diverged lineage of basidiomycetes encompassing important plant pathogens such as the rusts and saprobes like Rhodosporidium and Sporidiobolus, has been so far poorly explored concerning the content and organization of MAT loci. Here we show that the red yeast Sporidiobolus salmonicolor has a mating system unlike any previously described because occasional disruptions of the genetic cohesion of the bipolar MAT locus originate new mating types. We confirmed that mating is normally bipolar and that heterozygosity at both MAT regions is required for mating. However, a laboratory cross showed that meiotic recombination may occur within the bipolar MAT locus, explaining tetrapolar features like increased allele number and evolution rates of some MAT genes. This pseudo-bipolar system deviates from the classical bipolar–tetrapolar paradigm and, to our knowledge, has never been observed before. We propose a model for MAT evolution in the Basidiomycota in which the pseudo-bipolar system may represent a hitherto unforeseen gradual form of transition from an ancestral tetrapolar system to bipolarity

Culture in vitro of rosewood (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) embryos´seeds and buds explants

This study deals with the establishment in vitro of Aniba rosaeodora Ducke explants, free from fungical and endogenous contaminations and phenolic oxidation. Bud explants and embryos' seeds from many maturation stages were used in this trial. The explants were disinfected with Ampicilin antibiotic, Streptomicine Sulphate (Agrimicina), etanol (70%), sodium hipoclorite in many concentrations and exposure time acording to the type of explant. For the phenolic oxidation control, the immersion on ascorbic acid and PVP (Polyvinilpirrolidone) in culture medium were used. The explants were inoculated in MS medium. The statistical design was the completely randomized and the treatments and repetitions varied according to the type of explant adopted. After 45 days, 100% of survival and 53% of germination in embryos were observed, which had been desinfested by sodium hipoclorite (50%) for 10 minutes and inoculated in MS medium, supplemented with 20 ml of coconut water. Satisfactory results (51% of survival) were observed in bud´s explants, which had been treated by immersion in 300 mg.l-1 of Agrimicina and 25% when submitted in 500 mg.l-1 on vacuum pre-treatment.", 'enEste trabalho teve como objetivo o estabelecimento in vitro de embriões e de gemas de mudas de pau-rosa (Aniba rosaeodora Ducke) livres de contaminações e de oxidação fenólica. As gemas foram obtidas da rebrota de mudas cultivadas em viveiro e os embriões a partir de sementes em diversos estágios de maturação. Para a assepsia dos explantes foram utilizados dois antibiótico (Ampicilina e Agrimicina), etanol (70%) e hipoclorito de sódio, em concentrações e tempo de exposição variando em função do tratamento. Para o controle da oxidação foram utilizados imersão em ácido ascórbico (250 mg/l) e PVP (Polivinilpirrolidona) no meio Murashige & Skoog (MS). O delineamento estatístico empregado foi o inteiramente ao acaso com tratamentos e repetições em função do tipo de explante. Foi observado 71% de sobrevivência e 53% de germinação de embriões tratados com hipoclorito de sódio (50% e 2% de cloro ativo) por 10 minutos e inoculados em meio MS contendo 20 mg/l de água de côco após 45 dias. As gemas das rebrotas de mudas tratadas com solução de Sulfato de Estreptomicina (Agrimicina) na concentração de 500 mg/l (1h) apresentaram 51% de sobrevivência. Quando submetidas ao pré-tratamento com o emprego de bomba a vácuo (180 mmHg) contendo a Agrimicina (500 mg/l), apresentaram 25% de sobrevivência

Sleep study, respiratory mechanics, chemosensitive response and quality of life in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Obesity is a major public health problem in both developed and developing countries alike and leads to a series of changes in respiratory physiology. There is a strong correlation between obesity and cardiopulmonary sleep disorders. Weight loss among such patients leads to a reduction in these alterations in respiratory physiology, but clinical treatment is not effective for a long period of time. Thus, bariatric surgery is a viable option.</p> <p>Methods/Design</p> <p>The present study involves patients with morbid obesity (BMI of 40 kg/m²or 35 kg/m²to 39.9 kg/m²with comorbidities), candidates for bariatric surgery, screened at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital in the city of Sao Paulo (Brazil). The inclusion criteria are grade III morbid obesity, an indication for bariatric surgery, agreement to participate in the study and a signed term of informed consent. The exclusion criteria are BMI above 55 kg/m², clinically significant or unstable mental health concerns, an unrealistic postoperative target weight and/or unrealistic expectations of surgical treatment. Bariatric surgery candidates who meet the inclusion criteria will be referred to Santa Casa de Misericórdia Hospital and will be reviewed again 30, 90 and 360 days following surgery. Data collection will involve patient records, personal data collection, objective assessment of HR, BP, neck circumference, chest and abdomen, collection and analysis of clinical preoperative findings, polysomnography, pulmonary function test and a questionnaire on sleepiness.</p> <p>Discussion</p> <p>This paper describes a randomised controlled trial of morbidly obese patients. Polysomnography, respiratory mechanics, chemosensitive response and quality of life will be assessed in patients undergoing or not undergoing bariatric surgery.</p> <p>Trial Registration</p> <p>The protocol for this study is registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials - ReBEC (RBR-9k9hhv).</p