Influencia del método de dispersión del suelo en la calidad de materia orgánica separada por fraccionamiento granulométrico Influence of soil dispersion method on organic matter quality separated by particle-size fractionation

El fraccionamiento granulométrico de la materia orgánica (MO) se basa en que las fracciones asociadas con partículas de diferente tamaño difieren en estructura y funciones y cumplen diferentes roles en el reciclado de la misma. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comprobar la calidad del fraccionamiento de la MO de un Molisol a través del uso de: a) agua y b) hexametafosfato de sodio (HMP) como dispersantes y analizar la distribución del C y N y los valores de &#948;13C en las distintas fracciones separadas. Se compararon la distribución de la fracción mineral del suelo con la MO destruida por calentamiento con agua oxigenada vs. dispersión en agua o dispersión con HMP. Las suspensiones de suelo fueron tamizadas por tamices de 200, 50 y 20 &#956;m y la fraccion >200 &#956;m fue separada en liviana y pesada por flotacion en agua. Las recuperaciones acumuladas de la masa de suelo (98,4 - 99,7%), N (87,4 - 99,4%) y C (91,4 - 96,2%) fueron altas en general, si bien el agua produjo mayores recuperaciones y HMP presentó mayor variabilidad. El HMP dispersó los agregados de la fracción >200 &#956;m, permitiendo comprobar la gran cantidad de N y C que se acumula en las fracciones más finas, mientras que el agua no dispersó adecuadamente estos agregados. Gran cantidad de N quedó en la fracción Particle-size fractionation is supported by the concept that soil organic matter (SOM) fractions associated with different mineral particle sizes have different structure and functions, and play different functions in SOM turnover. The objective of this work was to verify the quality of the organic matter fractionation of a Molisol dispersed with water or Na-hexametaphosphate (HMP) and to analyze the C and N distribution and &#948;13C values of the separated fractions. We compared the mineral fraction distribution of the soil by completely oxidizing SOM through heating with hydrogen peroxide (AGUAOX) versus water dispersion and HMP dispersion. The soil suspension was wet-sieved with 200, 50 and 20 &#956;m-sieves. The >200 &#956;m fraction was suspended in water in order to separate the floating material (light, L) from the heavy one (H) which settles. The accumulated soil mass (98.4- 99.7%), N (87.4-99.4%) and C (91.4- 96.2%) recoveries were high, but water dispersion presented the higher values. HMP presented more variability than water dispersion; but it dispersed the >200 &#956;m aggregates, allowing the recovery of the high amount of N and C accumulated in the smaller fractions, whereas the use of water did not disperse those aggregates appropriately. High N quantity was recovered in <20 &#956;m fraction, while the C was mainly accumulated in the 200-50 &#956;m fraction. The &#948;13C values in the smallest fraction were near to the original ones for soils developed under C3 and C4 plants mixture (-21.7&#8240;) whereas the coarse light fraction ones were similar to those of C3 plants (-27.7 &#8240;). Considering these results, we conclude that the HMP dispersion method is suitable for the particle-size fractionation of the analyzed soil

Correction to: Effects of N Application Rate and Dicyandiamide on the Fate of 15N Fertilizer and the Abundance of Microbial Genes in a Sandy Soil Amended with Sugarcane Litter (Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, (2022), 22, 1, (359-373), 10.1007/s42729-021-00654-2)

The surname of coauthor Luis F. Merloti was misspelled (as “Merlotti”) in this article as originally published. The original article has been corrected

Enxertia e água de irrigação carbonatada no transporte de 15N e na produção do tomateiro Grafting and carbonated irrigation water in transport of 15N and in the tomato production

Estudaram-se os efeitos da aplicação de CO2, via água de irrigação, e da enxertia do tomateiro no transporte de 15N e na produção do tomateiro. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso no esquema fatorial 2 x 2 (com e sem CO2 na água de irrigação e tomateiro enxertado e pé-franco). A injeção do CO2 na água iniciou-se aos 34 dias após o transplante das mudas (DAT) e se prolongou em todas as irrigações. A aplicação do sulfato de amônio com abundância em átomos de 15N de 3,13% nas plantas destinadas à análise foi feita aos 45 DAT quando as plantas estavam em plena frutificação. Após 14 dias da aplicação do fertilizante (15N ) as plantas foram colhidas, lavadas, secadas e enviadas ao laboratório, para análise do 15N nos seus tecidos. Os resultados demonstraram que o CO2 e a enxertia não alteraram o transporte de 15N na planta. A produção de frutos comerciais foi maior quando se aplicou CO2 na água.<br>The effects of CO2 application through irrigation water, and of grafting in transport of 15N and in the tomato production, were studied. These treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial scheme (with and without CO2 in irrigation water and grafted and non-grafted tomato), in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The injection of CO2 into the water began at 34 days after transplant of seedlings (DAT) and continued for all irrigations. The application of the sulfate of ammonium with abundance in atoms of 15N of 3.13% in plants destined to analysis was done at 45 DAT when the plants were in the middle of fructification. After 14 days of fertilizer (15N ) application the plants were harvested, washed, dried and sent for analysis of 15N in plant tissue. The results demonstrated that CO2 and the grafting did not alter the transport of 15N in the plant. The production of commercial fruits was larger when CO2 was applied in water

Imobilização de nitrogênio da uréia e do sulfato de amônio aplicado em pré-semeadura ou cobertura na cultura de milho, no sistema plantio direto Nitrogen immobilization of urea and ammonium sulphate applied to maize before planting and as top-dressing in a no-till system

Sulfato de amônio (SA) e uréia (U) marcados com 15N foram aplicados na cultura do milho, em sucessão à aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schieb.), no sistema plantio direto, 43 dias antes e 31 dias depois da semeadura, na dose de 80 kg ha-1 de N, incorporados a 5-7 cm de profundidade, em sulcos espaçados de 0,8 m, nas entrelinhas do milho. O objetivo foi quantificar o N dos fertilizantes imobilizado no solo (15N-orgânico), no sulco de adubação, e o N-recuperado na planta nos estádios de 5-6 folhas, 11-12 folhas, florescimento e maturação fisiológica. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas das fontes U e SA, e as subparcelas, das épocas de aplicação de N. O experimento foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho ácrico típico fase cerrado subcadocifólio, na Fazenda Floresta do Lobo-Pinusplan, em Uberlândia (MG). Na aplicação em pré-semeadura, a máxima imobilização foi observada aos 19 dias da aplicação do SA (13,3 kg ha-1 ou 16,6 % do N-aplicado) e aos 40 dias da aplicação da U (13,7 kg ha-1 ou 17,1 % do N-aplicado). A maior quantidade de N fertilizante assimilado pela planta ocorreu entre os estádios de 5-6 e 11-12 folhas (44,1 e 23,4 % do N-SA e N-U, respectivamente). Na aplicação em cobertura, a imobilização do N-SA foi inferior a 3,5 % do N-aplicado, enquanto a imobilização do N-U foi de 9,9 kg ha-1 e 7,9 kg ha-1, respectivamente, nos estádios de 11-12 folhas e florescimento. Até o estádio de maturação fisiológica da cultura, 61,8 % do N-SA e 42,0 % do N-U foram recuperados pelo milho. Em média, nos estádios de 11-12 folhas e de florescimento, para cada kg de N-SA imobilizado, as plantas de milho recuperaram 8,0 e 16,7 kg ha-1 de N fertilizante em pré-semeadura e cobertura, respectivamente. Nos tratamentos com U, a média foi de 3,1 kg ha-1, independentemente da época de aplicação. As produtividades de grãos obtidas com SA e U, independentemente da época de aplicação, foram de 7.824 kg ha-1 e 6.977 kg ha-1, respectivamente. Na adubação em pré-semeadura do milho, o SA apresentou maior rapidez na ciclagem do N imobilizado-mineralizado ("turnover"), em relação a U, e, conseqüentemente, causou maior assimilação do N pela cultura. Em cobertura, no sulco de adubação, somente houve imobilização do N-U, retardando a sua assimilação pela planta.<br>In order to evaluate the amount of immobilized N and the amount of N-fertilizer recovered by corn plants at the stages:5-6 leaves, 11-12 leaves, flowering, and physiologic maturation, ammonium sulfate (AS) and urea (U), labeled with 15N, were applied to maize in a no-till system 43 days before planting and 31 days after planting at a single rate of 80 kg ha-1 of N incorporated at 5-7 cm depth and in a spacing of 0.8 m. Corn was sown after black oat (Avena strigosa Schieb.). The treatments were applied in split-plots set up in the completely randomized design with three replications. The original plots with two N sources were halved for the application time factor (pre-planting and top-dressing application). The field experiment was carried out on a Typic Acrustox on the farm Floresta do Lobo, Uberlandia, state of Minas Gerais. Results show that in pre-planting application treatments the maximum N-AS immobilization occurred 19 days after the fertilizer application (13.3 kg ha-1 or 16.6 % of N applied) whereas the maximum immobilization of N-U occurred 40 days after fertilizer application (13.7 kg ha-1 or 17.1 % of N applied). The highest amount of 15N-fertilizer taken up by corn plants was observed between the stages 5-6 leaves and 11-12 leaves, at ratios of 44.1 % of N-AS and 23.4 % of N-U. The immobilized N in the treatment with top-dressed AS was lower than 3.5 % of the applied N whereas in the treatment with top-dressed U it was 9.9 kg ha-1 and 7.9 kg ha-1 at the stages 11-12 leaves and flowering, respectively. The recovery of N-fertilizer measured at the stage of physiologic maturation in the treatments with AS and U was 61.8 % and 42.0 % respectively. The 15N-fertilizer amounts recovered by corn plants per kg of 15N immobilized in the treatments with AS were 8.0 kg ha-1 and 16.7 kg ha-1 respectively for pre-planting and top-dressing application. Independent of the application time, the ratio N-fertilizer recovery/immobilized N-fertilizer in the U treatments was 3.1 kg ha-1. The highest corn yields were obtained in the AS treatments (grain mean of 7,824 kg ha-1), independent of the application time. The average crop yield in the treatments with U in both application periods was 6,977 kg ha-1. These results show that when the fertilizers were applied at pre-planting the immobilization-mineralization turnover was faster in the AS than in the U treatment. Consequently, the N-assimilation by corn plants was higher in the AS treatments. For top-dressing application, only U was significantly immobilized