Psychologiczne uwarunkowania sprawności metajęzykowej dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym

The paper concerns psycholinguistic phenomena connected with meta-language, meta-linguistic awareness and children’s semantic skills. The main aim of empirical activities was to analyze psychological and linguistic conditionings of acquiring the meanings of words by 4- and 6-year-old children. It was examined how children understand the meaning of words from two categories: home and family. The analyses and conclusions on the creation of meaning presented in the paper are focused around the symbiosis of two planes: cognitive and linguistic. An analysis of the collected empirical material shows that their compilation reveals the unique nature of children’s meta-language reflection, the character of concepts and notion profiles which are closely determined by mental processes.Artykuł dotyczy psycholingwistycznych zjawisk związanych z metajęzykiem, świadomością metajęzykową oraz dziecięcą sprawnością semantyczną. Głównym celem działań empirycznych było zgłębienie psychologicznych i językowych uwarunkowań nabywania znaczeń wyrazów przez dzieci 4- i 6-letnie. Sprawdzono, jak dzieci rozumieją znaczenia wyrazów z dwóch kategorii: dom oraz rodzina. Zaprezentowane w artykule analizy i wnioski dotyczące kreowania znaczeń pojęć skoncentrowane są wokół symbiozy dwóch płaszczyzn: poznawczej oraz językowej. Analiza zebranego materiału empirycznego wskazała, że dzięki ich kompilacji ujawnia się specyfika dziecięcej refleksji metajęzykowej oraz profili pojęć – ściśle zdeterminowanych przez procesy mentalne

Do sunscreens have more positive or negative effects? Study review

Introduction: UV radiation is related to skin cancers, skin photoaging and sunburn. It can be harmful for human skin, so it is crucial to have a protection against sun rays. Substances protecting people from sun are sunscreens, that block and absorb UV radiation. The first sunscreen was discovered in 1928 and, since then, there have been many concerns about its safety, efectiveness and impant on the environment. Types of accessible sunscreens are physical sunscreens, chemical sunscreens and a combination. This study review is performed to assess possible risks of using sunscreens and evaluate if there are more positive or negative effects of their action. The aim of the study:  To evaluate positive and negative effects of sunscreens action. Materials and methods: We searched Pubmed and ResearchGate in order to find relevant studies about sunscreens and their impact on human skin, human health and environment. Results: There seem to be some adverse effects of sunblockers for the environment, such as destroying coral reefs, bioaccumulating in fish tissue and water sources. In some studies there was mentioned a negative impact of sunscreens on hormonal systems and pregnancy, as well as on human skin. On the other hand, many studies display that sunblockers inhibit the carcinogenic effect of sun rays, preventing people from developing skin cancers. Conclusions: Althought sunscreens can have some negative effects, studies showed that there are more positive effects of their action. They can be harmful for the environment, but at the same time they can be a protection. Sunscreens protect skin from developing skin cancer and also delay skin aging. However, the protection against sun is complex

Plant Based Diets and the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

Introduction: The prevalence of diabetes in the world continues to increase. Most cases of type 2 diabetes are caused by modifiable risk factors, including unhealthy diets based on meat and processed products, low physical activity, overweight and obesity. Research suggests that plant-based diets have shown significant weight reduction benefits compared to non-plant-based diets and improve glycemic control to a greater extent than conventional diabetic diets. The aim of the study: assessment of the frequency of developing diabetes t.2 in people eating various types of vegetarian diets compared to people whose diet contains animal products. Material and methods: Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: plant based diet, vegetarian diet, type 2 diabetes. Description of the state of knowledge: Food products such as red meat, especially processed meat, are one of the most important risk factors for metabolic disorders, including diabetes. A healthy and properly balanced plant-based diet can positively affect the carbohydrate metabolism. Due to the high fiber content, this diet has a low energy density. It also contains flavonoids and a high amount of antioxidants beneficial to human health. Summary: Properly balanced vegetarian diets lower the risk of developing metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Plant-based diets range from vegan, lacto-ovo-vegetarian, peso-vegetarian, and semi-vegetarian diets. Different types of diets show differences in therapeutic effects. The most important factor connecting these different diets is the focusing on whole grains, vegetables and fruits, nuts, legumes, and limiting consumption of saturated and trans fats

The use of metformin in the treatment of Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy

Introduction: Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is the most common pregnancy-related liver disease. It is characterized by persistent pruritus, usually occurring after 30 weeks of pregnancy, and by elevated levels of bile acids and transaminases, which decrease over the course of 2-3 weeks postpartum. [1,2]The occurrence of ICP in the mother may be associated with significant complications in the fetus, such as: preterm labor, intrauterine asphyxia, or sudden fetal death. Currently, the treatment of choice is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA).[2,6] Recently, it was observed that the administration of metformin in cases not responding to standard therapy improved lipid disorders in pregnant women.   The aim of the study:  The aim of the study is to present the possibility of using metformin in the treatment of ICP in pregnant women not responding to standard treatment and to present a clinical case.. Material and methods: The work is a review of the literature on the management of ICP and the use of metformin in the treatment of lipid metabolism disorders, as well as a brief case report of a patient with  intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Description of the state of knowledge: Metformin is an oral antidiabetic drug belonging to the group of biguanides. However, the latest observations show that metformin also has a beneficial effect on the liver function and on the lipid metabolism in pregnant women. In these patients, the levels of bile acids and liver enzymes decreased after the use of metformin. Summary: The mechanism of action of metformin explaining its beneficial effect on the lipid metabolism in pregnant women with intrahepatic cholestasis is not fully understood

Tourette syndrom - a review of current literature

Introduction Tourette syndrome is a disorder characterized by tics. It usually begins in childhood and often remains in adulthood. Tiki is best described as body movements performed automatically excluding the patient's will. It affects boys more often than girls and is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. The etiology of Tourette syndrome has not yet been fully clarified. The aim of the study Review the latest literature on Tourette syndrome. Material and methods The research was conducted using Articles by PubMed and Google Scholar on Tourette syndrome. Description of the state of knowledge Tourette syndrome is a movement disorder most commonly found in schoolchildren. The occurrence peaks in the pre-puberty period, and half of the cases disappear in early adulthood and, while the severity of occurrence is higher than commonly assumed.  It is often associated with mentally concomitant diseases, mainly attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Given the diverse presentation, Tourette's syndrome can mimic many hyperkinetic disorders, making it difficult or delaying correct diagnosis.  Treatment can be behavioral, pharmacological or surgical and is dependent on the symptoms causing the greatest dysfunction. Summary       Tourette syndrome can cause severe stress and worsen health-related quality of life. Often it is an embarrassing condition for patients. Treatment is multimodal, however, an important issue of treatment among patients is to undertake psychotherapy, so as not to perpetuate the tic reflex, as well as to cope with functioning in society

Contraception - methods, effectiveness and safety

Introduction The article provides an overview of the available methods of contraception, effectiveness, safety, advantages and disadvantages of using a given contraceptive. The use of contraception is becoming more and more popular in society. There are many methods of contraception. The choice depends mainly on the patient's preferences, but diseases and a well-collected history are also important.   The aim of the study Review the latest literature on methods of contraception   Material and methods The research was conducted using Articles by PubMed and Google Scholar on methods of contraception Description of the state of knowledge:  There are many methods of contraception, Hormonal methods include oral contraceptive pills, contraceptive patches, implants, hormone injections. Barrier products such as copper / levonogestrel IUDs prevent pregnancy by creating a mechanical barrier to prevent conception.  [1,2] The most common method - the use of condoms prevents sperm from entering the uterus. All products and methods have benefits and potential complications, therefore the method should be selected individually for each patient. [6,7] Summary: There are many types of contraception . Some of them are almost 100% effective in preventing pregnancy.  [1,3,4,5,] It should be remembered that each method of contraception should be selected individually, depending on the patient's needs. [8,9] &nbsp

The influence of dioxines on endometriosis development – study review

Introduction: Dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls are considered to be among the most toxic to humans due to their persistence, resistance to degradation and chemical properties. Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial cells outside the uterine cavity showing secretory activity. It is one of the most common causes of pelvic pain and decreased fertility; is formed as a result of the action of hormonal and immune mechanisms. The exact etiology is unknown and multifactorial; risk factors for endometriosis include both family conditions and various environmental factors, including exposure to chemicals. The aim of the study:  Evaluation of the impact of dioxins on endometriosis development. Materials and methods: A research was performed using Pubmed, Google Scholar and ResearchGate; we made review and meta-analysis of the most relevant studies. Results: Dioxins can contribute to cancer development, which is well documented, as well as several conditions, such as sexual dysfunctions, oxidative stress and inflammation. Doxins have similar structure to steroid hormones, so their main target are male and female gonads, thyroid gland and other organs in which steroid hormones are produced. Conclusions: Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease, whereas dioxins are strong poisons that have an adverse effect on live organisms. Many epidemiological studies suggest that dioxins may significantly contribute to the development of endometriosis

Non-pharmacological Therapy in Fibromyalgia

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome manifested by chronic, generalized muscle and joint pain and symptoms such as sleep problems, mental disorders, mainly depression, which significantly reduces the patients' quality of life.The etiology, pathogenesis, and pathomechanism of symptoms in FM are still not fully understood, which makes the therapeutic options unsatisfactory. Treatment is mainly based on relieving the symptoms of the disease and is based on both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments. It seems that the best results are achieved by a combination of cooperation between a rheumatologist, psychiatrist, psychologist and phosiotherapist. The aim of the study is to present the current state of knowledge about the possibilities of non-pharmacological treatment in people with fibromyalgia Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: fibromyalgia, chronic pain, non-pharmacological therapy in fibromyalgi

Stevens–Johnson Syndrome and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, A Review of Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis and Treatment

Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) are rare, acute conditions, potentially life-threatening, immune-mediated and often unpredictable. Characteristic for SJS and TEN is acute necrosis of the epidermis and mucous membranes, caused by the extensive death of keratinocytes. These syndromes are considered hypersensitivity reactions. They are most often caused by drugs. There have also been reports of SJS / TEN being caused by infection, SJS/TEN disease is very rare and due to its rarity there is no specific pharmaceutical algorythm. Supportive care and treatment of symptoms are very important. The most crucial part of non-pharmacologic treatment of SJS/TEN is the detection and cessation of the pharmaceutical that caused the disease. The aim of this literature review was to summarize current knowledge about the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of Stevens- Johnson Syndrom and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis. Standard criteria were used to review the literature data. The search of articles in the PubMed and Google Scholar database was carried out using the following keywords: Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, cutaneous adverse drug reaction

Witamin D in children population - benefits and threats

Introduction Nowadays, it has become fashionable to use dietary supplements containing large doses of vitamin D available without a prescription. In the case of children, dietary supplementation with a properly selected dose of vitamin D is extremely important and brings many benefits, of which it is important to prevent rickets in the pediatric population, attention is also drawn to its toxicity and consequences in the event of an overdose of vitamin D preparations, to which infants and young children are most exposed, examples of risks are hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. The aim of the study Showing the benefits and dangers of vitamin D supplementation. Material and methods The research was conducted using PubMed articles and on: vitamin D supplementation in children, vitamin D overdose, vitamin D deficiency. Description of the state of knowledge Vitamin D is the generic name for ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol that we can find in foods, however, food and supplementation are not its only sources, it should be borne in mind that it is possible to synthesize vitamin D in the skin after exposure to ultraviolet reproduction (UV-B). The concentration of 25(OH)D in childhood serum is influenced by the amount and frequency of vitamin D consumed, sun exposure, body weight and body fat levels. The main risk of vitamin D deficiency in children is rickets and defromation of the osteoarticular system and metabolic disorders, and long-term use of its high doses can lead to hypercalcemia and nephrocalcinosis. Summary It is very important to educate parents about the importance of vitamin D supplementation in a dose properly selected for the newborn along with an explanation of the possible consequences of deficiency, as well as overdose