Effect of diagenetic recrystallization on the strength of planktonic foraminifer tests under compression

<p>We present the results of experiments to measure the brittle failure of fossil planktonic foraminifer tests under compression. We compare two upper Eocene species of contrasting morphology, <em>Cribrohantkenina inflata</em> (Howe, 1928) and <em>Turborotalia cerroazulensis</em> (Cole, 1928) in both well-preserved material from the Kilwa Group of Tanzania and recrystallized material from ODP Site 865, central Pacific Ocean. Well-preserved tests were several times stronger than recrystallized tests. <em>Turborotalia cerroazulensis</em> was stronger than <em>C. inflata</em> in both the well-preserved and recrystallized material. </p

Supplementary Figure 1

Stable isotopic signals of multiple size fractions of 13 early Paleocene planktonic foraminifera species. For each time slice, plot (1) shows δ18O against test size, plot (2) carbon δ13C against test size and plot (3) δ13C verses δ18O, (cross plots are a typical method for interpreting planktonic foraminifera depth habitats and are therefore useful for comparison of our results with the wider literature). Test size is represented as the mid point in the upper and lower sieve size range. Genera abbreviations as follows M = Morozovella, Pr = Praemurica, S = Subbotina, P = Parasubbotina, E = Eoglobigerina, C = Chiloguembelina, G = Guembelitria, Pa = Parvularugoglobigerina and W = Woodringina. Grey vertical dashed lines indicate approximate onset of adult ecology for planktonic foraminifera according to Brummer et al. (1987). Time Slice D, H, I, J, K, M, P and Q data, this study. A to C data from D’Hondt and Zachos (1993), DSDP Site 528 and 577 and E, G, L, N, O and R from Norris (1996), DSDP Site 384. ΔT = maximum interspecies δ18O offset equivalent to inferred maximum temperature offset; ΔM = inferred metabolic fractionation disequilibrium effects; ΔS = inferred photosymbiotic disequilibrium effects; ΔD = represents interspecies δ13C offsets. Ages are based on the ODP Leg 208 time scale of Westerhold et al (2008). Site 528, 577 and 384 ages were converted by linear interpolation from Cande and Kent (1995)

Supplementary Table 1

ODP Site 1262 Sample horizons and stable isotope data used in this study (M= Morozovella, Pr = Praemurica, S = Subbotina, P = Parasubbotina, E = Eoglobigerina and W = Woodringina), mcd = meters composite depth

Supplementary Table1

List of planktonic foraminifera species recorded from Atlantic deep‐sea cores included in this study for each time bin. Note that only those species that can be unambiguously dated to within a time bin are included. Columns give the time interval covered in millions of years

rev lloyd 11041 suppl

Correlations between different species richness estimates for planktonic foraminfera (see Fig. 5 of main paper). Values in bold are statistically significant correlations

Log likelihood ratios for the SAR_error models of each diversity measure.

<p>The log likelihood ratios show the relative explanatory power of the groups of explanatory variables. This ratio is plotted for each variable group across the models of the four response variables. Error bars show 1sd and represent the variation associated with removing the replication within each 1 degree square.</p

Supplementary Table3

List of planktonic foraminifera species recorded from Atlantic deep‐sea cores and land based sections included in this study for each time bin. Note that only those species that can be unambiguously dated to within a time bin

Log likelihood ratios for the species richness SAR_error model in each ocean.

<p>A comparison of the explanatory power of the groups of variables globally and in each ocean for the species richness model. Stars indicate the significance of excluding that variable group (*** < 0.001, 0.001 < ** < 0.01, 0.01 < * < 0.05, 0.05 <^<b>.</b> < 0.1). If relationships had the same functional form within each ocean, the total height of the bars for the three oceans would equal that of the global bar. The Atlantic model, with 670 data points, had a pseudo-R² of 0.92, an RMSE of 1.59 and an AIC of 2510. The Indian model, with 155 data points, had a pseudo-R² of 0.91, an RMSE of 1.38 and an AIC of 608. The Pacific model, with 235 data points, had a pseudo-R² of 0.77 an RMSE of 1.82 and an AIC of 1024. All models used row-standardised weighting and a neighbourhood distance of 507km.</p

Vertical thermal structure of the ocean.

<p>A section through the Atlantic (at -33.5° longitude) showing how the thermal structure changes with latitude, measured in °C. The points highlight the 10°C depth contour.</p

A summary of the traits used to calculate functional richness.

<p>A summary of the traits used to calculate functional richness.</p