European Economies in the First Epoch of Imperialism and Mercantilism. 1415-1846.

The costs and benefits of European Imperialism from the conquest of Ceuta, 1415, to the Treaty of Lusaka, 1974.Twelfth International Economic History Congress. Madrid, 1998.Patrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura (eds.)Editada en la Fundación Empresa PúblicaJorge M. Pedreira. «To Have and To Have not». The Economic Consequences of Empire: Portugal (1415-1822).-- Bartolomé Yun-Casalilla. The American Empire and the Spanish Economy: An Institutional and Regional Perspective.-- Pieter C. Emmer. The Economic Impact of the Dutch Expansion Overseas, 1570-1870.-- Paul Butel and François Crouzet. Empire and Economic Growth: the Case of 18th Century France.-- Stanley L. Engerman. British Imperialism in a Mercantilist Age, 1492-1849: Conceptual Issues and Empirical Problems.Publicad

Characterization of highly frequent epitope-specific CD45RA(+)/CCR7(+/- )T lymphocyte responses against p53-binding domains of the human polyomavirus BK large tumor antigen in HLA-A*0201+ BKV-seropositive donors

Human polyomavirus BK (BKV) has been implicated in oncogenic transformation. Its ability to replicate is determined by the binding of its large tumor antigen (LTag) to products of tumor-suppressor genes regulating cell cycle, as specifically p53. We investigated CD8+ T immune responses to BKV LTag portions involved in p53 binding in HLA-A*0201+ BKV LTag experienced individuals. Peptides selected from either p53-binding region (LTag(351–450 )and LTag(533–626)) by current algorithms and capacity to bind HLA-A*0201 molecule were used to stimulate CD8+ T responses, as assessed by IFN-γ gene expression ex vivo and detected by cytotoxicity assays following in vitro culture. We observed epitope-specific immune responses in all HLA-A*0201+ BKV LTag experienced individuals tested. At least one epitope, LTag(579–587); LLLIWFRPV, was naturally processed in non professional antigen presenting cells and induced cytotoxic responses with CTL precursor frequencies in the order of 1/20'000. Antigen specific CD8+ T cells were only detectable in the CD45RA+ subset, in both CCR7+ and CCR7- subpopulations. These data indicate that widespread cellular immune responses against epitopes within BKV LTag-p53 binding regions exist and question their roles in immunosurveillance against tumors possibly associated with BKV infection

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Crise et mutation de l'activité économique à Bordeaux sous le Consulat et l'Empire

Butel Paul. Crise et mutation de l'activité économique à Bordeaux sous le Consulat et l'Empire. In: Revue d’histoire moderne et contemporaine, tome 17 N°3, Juillet-septembre 1970. La France à l'époque napoléonienne. pp. 540-558

Jordan Goodman, Paul E. Lovejoy et Andrew Sherratt (éd.), Consuming Habits. Drugs in History and Anthropology

Butel Paul. Jordan Goodman, Paul E. Lovejoy et Andrew Sherratt (éd.), Consuming Habits. Drugs in History and Anthropology. In: Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 53ᵉ année, N. 2, 1998. pp. 332-334

Le vignoble bordelais : Roudié (Philippe), Le vignoble bordelais, Toulouse, Privat, 1973

Butel Paul. Le vignoble bordelais : Roudié (Philippe), Le vignoble bordelais, Toulouse, Privat, 1973. In: Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 86, N°116, 1974. pp. 107-108

Succès et déclin du commerce colonial français, de la Révolution à la Restauration

Growth and decline of French colonial trade (1793-1830) A general rise in the value of the colonies, both as exporters and importers in the eighteenth century, in relation to the progress of the French sugar islands, of Saint-Domingue especially, was the most amazing phenomenon in trade development. The impact of the French Wars in the 1790's and 1800's was significant : the outbreak of revolution and war in the French West Indies gave new opportunities to London and New-York which became the most dynamic ports because they took advantage of the growth of new colonial areas, as Spanish islands, Cuba. The dismantling of French trade altered the rules of competition in caribbean area. Howewer, under the cover of a neutral flag, part of the French trade to the West Indies was not negligible. In 1815, the French West Indies were recovered in Martinique and Guadeloupe but with the black victory Saint-Domingue bas been lost. French colonial trade bas been superseded by the american and british trade. Ports like Le Havre were chief suppliers of the industrial areas while old entrepot ports like Bordeaux declined. But new markets were opened in Spanish area and that trade gave new returns to Bordeaux or Nantes.Succès et déclin du commerce colonial français, de la Révolution à la Restauration A l'âge d'or créé par le boom des trafics coloniaux, à la veille des guerres révolutionnaires, autour de l'exploitation des richesses antillaises, en particulier des productions de sucre et de café à Saint-Domingue, a succédé une phase d'instabilité sous la Révolution et l'Empire. Le maintien des échanges permis par l'utilisation des navires neutres n'empêche pas le début de mutations profondes, marquées par l'émergence du négoce anglo-américain dans la Caraïbe : Londres comme New York devinrent les pôles de développement de l'économie commer­ciale européenne en profitant d'une nouvelle expansion des Antilles anglaises et espagnoles. En 1815, en dépit du rétablissement de l'Ancien Régime colonial, les trafics français Outre-Mer sont de plus en plus concurrencés par leurs rivaux britannique ou américain. Les ports « industriels » comme Le Havre acquièrent la prédominance sur les ports d'entrepôt, c'est le relatif déclin de Bordeaux sous la Restauration. Cependant, de nouvelles orientations commerciales vers l'Amérique latine évitent un recul trop marqué des anciens ports coloniaux.Butel Paul. Succès et déclin du commerce colonial français, de la Révolution à la Restauration. In: Revue économique, volume 40, n°6, 1989. pp. 1079-1096

Défrichements en Guyenne au XVIIIe siècle

Butel Paul. Défrichements en Guyenne au XVIIIe siècle. In: Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 77, N°72, 1965. pp. 179-202

Glossaire nautique : Jal (A.), Nouveau Glossaire nautique, révision de l'édition publiée en 1848, Lettres A et B, 2 vol., in-8°, Mouton, Paris-La Haye, 1970-1972

Butel Paul. Glossaire nautique : Jal (A.), Nouveau Glossaire nautique, révision de l'édition publiée en 1848, Lettres A et B, 2 vol., in-8°, Mouton, Paris-La Haye, 1970-1972. In: Annales du Midi : revue archéologique, historique et philologique de la France méridionale, Tome 85, N°114, 1973. pp. 463-464