343 research outputs found
Allergilised silmahaigused
Allergiline silmahaigus on ülitundlikkusreaktsioon, mis haarab tavaliselt ainult silmi, kuid kaasneda võivad ka muud sümptomid. Klassikalisteks allergilisteks konjunktiviitideks peetakse hooajalist ning aastaringset allergilist konjunktiviiti, atoopilist keratokonjunktiviiti ja vernaalset ehk kevadkeratokonjunktiviiti. Tekkemehhanismid on atoopilisel ja vernaalsel konjunktiviidil aga teised kui hooajalisel ning aastaringsel allergilisel konjunktiviidil. Allergiliste silmahaiguste diagnoosimisel tuleb toetuda täpse anamneesi võtmisele ja haiguse kliinilistele ilmingutele. Nii farmakoloogilise kui ka immuunraviga on võimalik haigestunu sümptomeid leevendada. Patsiendi teadlikkus ning allergeenide vältimine on nende haiguste puhul esmatähtsad.Eesti Arst 2015; 94(9):551–55
Regulation of activation induced deaminase
Activation Induced Deaminase (AID) belongs to the protein family of DNA
deaminases, which catalyse the deamination of the cytosine residues in single
stranded DNA, resulting in the formation of deoxy-uracils. The enzymatic
activity of AID is required for the immunoglobulin gene modifications by class
switch recombination (CSR), somatic hypermutation (SHM) and gene conversion
(iGC). While being essential for antibody diversification, the activity of AID can
be harmful for the organism due to its direct mutagenic activities and induction of
genomic instability.
This thesis investigates AID regulation both, on the level of gene expression
and its interaction partners, and the DNA repair pathways triggered by AIDmediated
DNA deamination. Firstly, I have identified estrogen and progesterone
as regulators of AID expression. This is achieved via direct binding of estrogen
and progesterone receptors to AID promoter. Estrogen leads to an induction of
AID expression and increase in AID-mediated downstream pathways – SHM,
CSR as well as oncogenic translocations between Ig and c-myc loci. In contrast,
progesterone results in a decrease in AID expression and an attenuation of its
downstream pathways. Secondly, by generating DT40 cell lines with
endogenously tagged AID, we used co-immunoprecipitation and subsequent mass
spectrometry for identifying proteins that form a complex with AID in the
cytoplasm, nucleoplasm and chromatin. The results of this approach gave us
possible insight into the mechanistic process of AID-mediated DNA deamination
in vivo, suggesting that chromatin bound AID resides in a complex with
elongating RNA polymerase II. Thirdly, by expressing AID in meiotic
recombination deficient fission yeast and nematode, we have established that a
meiotic cell can process a base mismatch, using the base excision repair
machinery, to give rise to meiotic recombination. This suggests that meiotic cells
can process lesions other than Spo-11 induced DSBs for recombination
Activin/Nodal signalling in stem cells.
Activin/Nodal growth factors control a broad range of biological processes, including early cell fate decisions, organogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. Here, we provide an overview of the mechanisms by which the Activin/Nodal signalling pathway governs stem cell function in these different stages of development. We describe recent findings that associate Activin/Nodal signalling to pathological conditions, focusing on cancer stem cells in tumorigenesis and its potential as a target for therapies. Moreover, we will discuss future directions and questions that currently remain unanswered on the role of Activin/Nodal signalling in stem cell self-renewal, differentiation and proliferation.S.P. was supported by the EUFP7 grant InnovaLIV and an FEBS long-term fellowship. L.V. was supported by the ERC starting grant Relieve IMDs and the Cambridge Hospitals National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre.This is the accepted manuscript of a paper published in Development (Pauklin S, Vallier L, Development 2015, 142, 607-619, doi: 10.1242/dev.091769). The final version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.09176
Toiduallergia
Toiduallergia on immuunvahendatud reaktsioon, mille esinemissagedus on viimase 10 aasta jooksul kahekordistunud. Toiduallergiat esineb lastel sagedamini kui täiskasvanutel: lastest umbes 5–10%-l ja täiskasvanutest hinnanguliselt 5%-l. Põhilised toiduallergia tekitajad on munas, piimas, kalas, sojas, teraviljas, maapähklites, puupähklites, koorikloomades leiduvad valgud. Puu- ja aedviljade allergeensus väljendub rohkem värskelt, toorelt kasutades ning on seotud põhiliselt õietolmu ja toidu ristallergiaga. Reaktsioon võib tekkida nii toidu söömisest kui ka muul viisil allergeeniga kokkupuutumisest. Toiduallergia võib väljenduda nahal, haarata hingamiselundeid, gastrointestinaaltrakti ja kardiovaskulaarsüsteemi. Toiduallergia esmavaliku uuringuteks on nahatorketestid ja seerumi IgE testid, kuid toidu esilekutsutud enteropaatiate diagnoosimiseks võivad osutuda vajalikuks endoskoopilised uuringud koos biopsiaga
Kuivnahksus
Kuivnahksus on sagedasemaid dermatoloogilisi probleeme ning kaasnev sümptom paljude naha-, sise- ja neuroloogiliste haiguste korral. Patsientidele põhjustab see tihti erinevaid kaebusi ja elukvaliteedi halvenemist, mistõttu pöördutakse abi saamiseks erinevate spetsialistide poole. Oluline on, et arst mõtleks muu hulgas ka kuiva naha diagnoosi võimalikkusele. Artiklis on antud lugejatele ülevaade kuiva naha põhjustest, patsiendi käsitlusest ja ravivõtetest
3D chromatin architecture and transcription regulation in cancer
Chromatin has distinct three-dimensional (3D) architectures important in key biological processes, such as cell cycle, replication, differentiation, and transcription regulation. In turn, aberrant 3D structures play a vital role in developing abnormalities and diseases such as cancer. This review discusses key 3D chromatin structures (topologically associating domain, lamina-associated domain, and enhancer–promoter interactions) and corresponding structural protein elements mediating 3D chromatin interactions [CCCTC-binding factor, polycomb group protein, cohesin, and Brother of the Regulator of Imprinted Sites (BORIS) protein] with a highlight of their associations with cancer. We also summarise the recent development of technologies and bioinformatics approaches to study the 3D chromatin interactions in gene expression regulation, including crosslinking and proximity ligation methods in the bulk cell population (ChIA-PET and HiChIP) or single-molecule resolution (ChIA-drop), and methods other than proximity ligation, such as GAM, SPRITE, and super-resolution microscopy techniques
Füüsilise koormuse põhjustatud anafülaksia
Artikli eesmärk on lühidalt tutvustada koormuse tekitatud anafülaksiat, mille peamine vallandaja on füüsiline koormus. Diagnoosimise põhitalaks on täpne anamnees. Diagnoosimise kuldstandardiks peetakse topeltpimedat ja platseeboga kontrollitud toidukoormuse-provokatsioonitesti, mida tehakse meditsiiniasutuses, jälgides vererõhku ja kopsufunktsiooni ning tagades anafülaksia korral ravi- ja elustamisvõimekuse. Eestis toidu-koormuse provokatsiooni diagnoosimise otstarbel ei tehta, vaid lähtutakse anamneesist, kliinilisest pildist ja kinnitavatest analüüsidest. Seisundi ravi on sama kui teiste anafülaksiate korral. Artiklis on kirjeldatud ka kahe patsiendi (ühe täiskasvanu ja ühe lapse) haigusjuhtu
Chemically modified neoantigen-based immunotherapy for targeting KRASG12C-driven tumors
The clinical efficacy and durability of KRASG12C-targeted therapies are limited by the development of resistance mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of recent KRASG12C-targeted therapy and immunotherapy-unifying strategies that utilize covalently modified peptide/MHC class I complexes as tumor-specific neoantigens to tag drug-resistant cancer cells for destruction with hapten-based immunotherapeutics
Alkoholivastase kampaania “Palju sina jood?” meediasisendite raamistamine ajakirjanduses
The aim of this bachelor's thesis is to find out how Estonian mainstream media
frames the messages of anti-alcohol social campaign "Palju Sina jood?" organized
by the National Institute Of Health Development in 2009. The research covers 23
articles from Postimees, Eesti Päevaleht, Eesti Ekspress and Äripäev that
appeared between 9.November 2009 and 1.June 2010 in order to analyse message
framing during and after the campaign. To determine how newspapers wrote
about Estonians' drinking problems and also the campaign (how the messages of
the campaign were interpreted, sent to audience) the framing theory was
implemented. According to the framing theory of public opinion, journalists and
news agencies construct frames that reflect cultural narratives in the whole
society. Journalists are fundamental influencers when news' readers interpret the
world and social problems around them.
To determine the frames that media was using when writing about Estonians'
binge drinking and the anti-alcohol campaign, the author used framing analysis
according to William A. Gamson's approach - the author read all the articles at
least twice and determined frame's signature elements – i.e. framing devices
(metaphors, depictions, exemplars, catch-phrases, visual images) and reasoning
devices (problem's roots, consequences, principles). Generalizing all the frame's
signature elements the author found 4 following frames: "binge drinking as
cultural, social and psychological inevitability" (with 3 sub-frames), "alcohol and
the state" (with 2 counter-frames), "health risks of abusing alcohol" and "pseudoproblem".
The author also determined all the possible solutions for solving
Estonia's binge drinking problem that could be found from the articles.
When comparing frames detected from the media with messages of the campaign,
it appears that media has a negative influence on campaign's key message - the
message of Estonians drinking more than they think, consuming 11,9 litres of pure
alcohol a year and taking second place in European alcohol consumption
rankings. Media frames are therefore trying to marginalize statistical results,
blaming Finnish tourists and certain social groups to explain shocking statistics.
The frames also try to normalize heavy alcohol consumption when explaining
these tendencies with Estonia's regional culture (Estonians have always drunk
much), psychological aspects (drinking is a result of boredom, ignorance and
habits) and social aspects (certain groups of society e.g. heavy drinkers from small
villages are used to drink and that is considered normal). The only message the
media frames fully support is "health risks of alcohol consumption" that also
influences Estonia's economy and social sphere.
When trying to find solutions for Estonians' binge drinking problem, it appears
that professionals, anti-alcohol activists, scientists and doctors think the state is
fully responsible and should take steps to toughen laws concerning selling, buying
and advertising alcohol. While professionals blame the state, journalists, bloggers
and writers find that the state shouldn't restrict buying and consuming alcohol as
much as it currently does because it is considered to be the reason why Estonians
drink at home and stock a home bar with alcohol. The only suitable solution for
the state is to get involved in prevention of binge drinking instead of dealing with
consequences. The state should also offer more opportunities for the citizens to
spend their free time.
In conclusion, the research shows that the anti-alcohol campaign should find more
positive approach addressing and explaining the problem and should also try to
not criticize and shock their target group because of the tendency to block
receiving new information which can be actually very useful in order to reduce
alcohol consumption. While organizing the following campaigns National
Institution Of Health Development should also consider media's tendency to
simplify the problem, to have certain biases and attitudes towards alcohol related
topics.http://www.ester.ee/record=b4056405~S1*es
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