A CRITICAL INSIGHT INTO SHIKIMATE KINASE PATHWAY

Objective: Tuberculosis is the most infectious disease that appears to be dreadful even in the presence of anti tubercular drugs. The problem of MDR-TB is growing at an alarming rate and the prevalence of the disease cause devastation to the molecular level. We hereby carry out a review of shikimate pathway used for tuberculosis management. Based on the available evidence on its vital roles, we highlight ways in which their therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country's healthcare system. Methods: Information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 20115 for publications on shikimate pathways and their therapeutic targets for Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Results: Numerous factors have been reported to be the causative agent in the progression of the disease. Apart from this, a number of transcription factors is also been involved in the down regulation of the modulatory pathology. The emergence of MDR-TB washes out the treatment and control of Tuberculosis at an extremely difficult stage. Epidemilogical data revels that Tuberculosis kill approx. 3 million people in a year. Shikimate Kinase and other agents can be involved therapeutic target and evaluation of new pathways. Emphasis need to be urgently given for the diagnosis and treatment of the TB in the society effectively. Conclusion: This review, therefore, provides a useful resource to enable a thorough assessment of the profile of Shikimate Kinase Pathway used in MDR-TB management so as to ensure a more rational use. Shikimate Kinase is one of the main enzymes involved in Shikimate pathway that has emerged as a vital target in many of the morbidity

Persistence and decontamination of insecticide residues in polyhouse grown capsicum (Capsicum annuum)

The persistence and dietary intake of deltamethrin, endosulfan and malathion residues from coloured capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. Orobelle) grown under open ventilated polyhouse, was assessed after following common culinary processes. Each insecticide was applied at two concentrations, i.e. the recommended (single dose) and double the recommended doses. Insecticide residues were extracted using acetone and cleaned up over charcoal and Florisil columns. The determination and quantification of insecticide residues were done by using gas chromatograph equipped with ECD. The application of single dose, i.e. deltamethrin (0.0028%), endosulfan (0.05%) and malathion (0.05%) resulted in initial deposits of 0.667, 3.900 and 2.026 mg/kg; whereas, 0.937, 5.694 and 4.078 mg/kg at double dose, respectively, on capsicum fruits. The RL50 values were worked out as 1.90-2.41 days for deltamethrin, 1.75-1.88 days for endosulfan and 1.83 days for both the doses of malathion. Fruits washing under tap water for 1 minute provided relief of 30.05-38.81, 23.58-37.52 and 25.0-27.64% from deltamethrin, endosulfan and malathion residues, respectively, upto 3rd day, irrespective of doses. However, steaming after washing of the fruits provided maximum decontamination from insecticide residues. The endosulfan treated capsicum fruit consumption as salad revealed an appreciable risk to the consumers till 3rd day, whereas, washing+steaming reduced the dietary risk to the day of insecticide application

Field-Induced Magnetic Order in Quantum Spin Liquids

We study magnetic field-induced three-dimensional ordering transitions in low-dimensional quantum spin liquids, such as weakly coupled, antiferromagnetic spin-1/2 Heisenberg dimers and ladders. Using stochastic series expansion quantum Monte Carlo simulations, thermodynamic response functions are obtained down to ultra-low temperatures. We extract the critical scaling exponents which dictate the power-law dependence of the transition temperature on the applied magnetic field. These are compared with recent experiments on candidate materials and with predictions for the Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons obtained in mean-field theory.Comment: RevTex, 4 pages with 5 figure

Magnetic properties of a new molecular-based spin-ladder system: (5IAP)2CuBr4*2H2O

We have synthesized and characterized a new spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnetic ladder: bis 5-iodo-2-aminopyridinium tetrabromocuprate(II) dihydrate. X-ray diffraction studies show the structure of the compound to consist of well isolated stacked ladders and the interaction between the Cu(2+) atoms to be due to direct Br...Br contacts. Magnetic susceptibility and magnetization studies show the compound to be in the strong-coupling limit, with the interaction along the rungs (J' ~ 13 K) much greater than the interaction along the rails (J ~ 1 K). Magnetic critical fields are observed near 8.3 T and 10.4 T, respectively, establishing the existence of the energy gap.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. B Figure 4 did not print. *.eps files replaced with figures.ps fil

The Magnetic Spin Ladder (C_{5}H_{12}N)_{2}CuBr_{4}: High Field Magnetization and Scaling Near Quantum Criticality

The magnetization, $M(H \leq 30$ T, 0.7 K $\leq T \leq 300$ K), from single crystals and powder samples of (C$_{5}$H$_{12}$N)$_{2}$CuBr$_{4}$ has been used to identify this system as an $S=1/2$ Heisenberg two-leg ladder in the strong coupling limit, $J_{\perp} = 13.3$ K and $J_{\parallel} = 3.8$ K, with $H_{c1} = 6.6$ T and $H_{c2} = 14.6$ T. An inflection point in $M(H, T = 0.7$ K) at half-saturation, $M_{s}/2$, is described by an effective \emph{XXZ} chain. The data exhibit universal scaling behavior in the vicinity of $H_{c1}$ and $H_{c2}$, indicating the system is near a quantum critical point.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Supply chain sustainability performance measurement of small and medium sized enterprises using structural equation modeling

Sustainability of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) is significant as SMEs contribute to GDP substantially in every economy. This research develops an innovative sustainable supply chain performance measurement model for SMEs. Prior researches predominantly use balanced score card (BSC) approach that presume causal relationship of criteria and Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which derive efficiency of units from a few input and output criteria. While DEA is effective for policymakers, BSC is more suitable for individual SME. The proposed method that uses structural equation modeling (SEM) approach to derive the relationship of criteria and criteria weights formulates regression-type models for a specific region as well as for specific SME. The SEM-based supply chain sustainability performance measurement model is beneficial to policymakers as they can determine means for improvement at a regional level. The proposed method could also facilitate managers/owners of individual SMEs with measures for improving their supply chain sustainability performance. The method has been applied to three varied geographical locations in the UK, France and India in order to demonstrate its effectiveness

<span style="font-size: 20.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Comparative role of proteins <span style="font-size:21.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">in <span style="font-size:20.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">transport of HCH-isomers <span style="font-size:21.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.5pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";mso-bidi-font-weight:bold">in <span style="font-size:20.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">desert locust, <i><span style="font-size:21.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:14.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Schistocerca gregaria </span></i><span style="font-size:20.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"">Forskal and bovines </span></span></span></span></span></span>

598-602<span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">The studies on binding of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) with carrier proteins were carried out to establish the role of proteins in the transport of insecticides in insects. Sephadex G-200 column chromatography resolved haemolymph of adult male desert locust, <span style="font-size:15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt; font-family:" times="" new="" roman","serif""="">Schistocerca  gregaria  <span style="font-size:15.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">into three major protein peaks. There was significant binding of γ-HCH with first protein peak (F1). Two classes of binding sites were observed on first protein peak for γ -HCH. However, low level of binding was observed with the third protein peak (F3) of the haemolymph. Bindings of HCH-isomers <span style="font-size:14.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:7.5pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">(α,β<span style="font-size:13.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:6.5pt;font-family:HiddenHorzOCR; mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:HiddenHorzOCR"> and γ) with bovine serum <span style="font-size: 15.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:8.0pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">albumin (BSA) were not related to their water solubilities. Moderate to low affinities (1.4 - 1.84 x 10<span style="font-size:12.5pt;mso-bidi-font-size:5.5pt; font-family:" arial","sans-serif""="">6<span style="font-size:12.5pt; mso-bidi-font-size:5.5pt;font-family:" arial","sans-serif""=""> M-1) of HCH-isomers for BSA were observed. The present studies showed that more HCH binds to haemolymph lipoprotein of locust as compared to BSA. This indicates a significant role of haemolyph proteins in the transport of insectieides in insects. </span