Fat oxidation during exercise and satiety during recovery are increased following a low-glycemic index breakfast in sedentary women

Consuming low-glycemic index (LGI) carbohydrates (CHO) before endurance exercise results in increased fat oxidation during exercise in trained men and women. It is not known if this phenomenon occurs during low intensity exercise and in untrained participants. We examined the effects of breakfasts containing high-GI (HGI) or LGI foods on substrate utilization during rest and walking exercise in sedentary women. The metabolic and appetite responses to a standard lunch consumed after exercise were also investigated. Eight healthy sedentary women completed 2 trials. On each occasion, participants were provided with a HGI or LGI breakfast 3 h before walking for 60 min. Following exercise, participants were provided with lunch and remained in the laboratory for a further 2 h. Plasma glucose and serum insulin responses (area under the curve) were higher following the HGI breakfast than following the LGI breakfast (P < 0.05). During the 3-h postprandial period, fat oxidation was suppressed following both breakfasts but remained higher in the LGI trial (P < 0.05). During exercise, total fat oxidation was also greater in the LGI trial (P < 0.001). There were no differences in the metabolic responses to lunch. Participants reported feeling fuller following lunch in the LGI trial (P < 0.05). Consuming a LGI breakfast increases fat oxidation during subsequent exercise and improves satiety during recovery in sedentary females

The “Dark Welsh” as Slaves and Slave Traders in Exeter Book Riddles 52 and 72

The imagery of captivity found within Exeter Book Riddles 52 and 72 has been understood to link Welsh slaves with the cattle they herd, for each riddle features an ethnically distinct “dark Welsh” figure performing agricultural work. This article argues that key details suggest that these captives can also be read as humans, alluding to the historical roles of the Welsh as both slaves and slave traders in Anglo-Saxon England. While scholars have long realised that these riddles call attention to ethnic and class difference by linking racially distinct Welsh servitude to hard manual labour, particularly to oxen, the Welsh were also active slave raiders of their own people. In their portrayals of ethnically distinct Welsh who control bound captives, this article argues that these riddles also allude to the role of the Welsh in the slave trade as brokers of human merchandise. These riddles, then, reveal the complexities of the period by illuminating the contradictory identity of the Welsh as both victims and perpetrators of the slave trade in Anglo-Saxon England