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    āļœāļĨāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ āļ“ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĄāđ‚āļŦāļŠāļ– āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļĨāļēāļ§ Effects of Pharmacist-Managed Warfarin Therapy at Mahosot Hospital, Lao PDR

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    āļšāļ—āļ„āļąāļ”āļĒāđˆāļ­ āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒ: āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāđāļšāļšāļ›āļāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāđāļœāļ™āļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ™āļ­āļ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĄāđ‚āļŦāļŠāļ– āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļĢāļąāļāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļīāļ›āđ„āļ•āļĒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļŠāļ™āļĨāļēāļ§ āļ§āļīāļ˜āļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļšāļšāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ āļ“ āđāļœāļ™āļāļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ™āļ­āļ āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļŦāļąāļ§āđƒāļˆāļĨāļēāļ§-āļĨāļąāļāđ€āļ‹āļĄāđ€āļšāļīāļĢāđŒāļ āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™ 1 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ•āđˆāļ­āļ­āļĩāļāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļ­āļĒ 4 āđ€āļ”āļ·āļ­āļ™ āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ„āđˆāļē INR āļ—āļļāļāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļŠāļļāđˆāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ (āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ (āļĢāļąāļšāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāđāļĨāđāļšāļšāļ›āļāļ•āļī) āļ§āļąāļ”āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļāđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ”āđ‰āļ§āļĒ 1) āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āđˆāļēāđ„āļ­āđ€āļ­āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļēāļĢāđŒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē (TTR) 2) āļ„āđˆāļē INR 3) āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰ 4) āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļē (āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļēāļ•āđˆāļģāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļš āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļēāļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļāļīāļāļīāļĢāļīāļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļĒāļēāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™) 5) āļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļĨāļīāđˆāļĄāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ­āļļāļ”āļ•āļąāļ™ 6) āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļĄāđˆāļžāļķāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļ‡āļ„āđŒāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļē (āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ­āļ­āļāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āđ„āļĄāđˆāļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡) āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļĄāļđāļĨāđ‚āļ”āļĒāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī student t-test, Mann-Whitney U test repeated-measure ANOVA test, Chi-squared test, Fisher’s exact test āđāļĨāļ° Cochran’s test āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŦāļĄāļ” 72 āļ„āļ™ (āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļĨāļ° 36 āļ„āļ™) āļ„āđˆāļē TTR āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ—āđˆāļēāļāļąāļš 63.3 Âą 35.5% āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ„āđˆāļē TTR āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ (45.3 Âą 39.9%) āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (P-value = 0.046) āļ„āļ°āđāļ™āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3 āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ™āļąāļĒāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļ–āļīāļ•āļī (13.2 āđāļĨāļ° 7.0 āļ•āļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļ”āļąāļš, P-value = 0.013) āļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļžāļšāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļĒāļēāļ•āđˆāļģāļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‚āļ™āļēāļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļš (30 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡) āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļšāļ›āļąāļāļŦāļēāļˆāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļē āļ“ āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄāļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ—āļĩāđˆ 4 āđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 6 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļžāļšāļˆāļģāļ™āļ§āļ™ 15 āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡ āļŠāļĢāļļāļ›āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļāļ§āđˆāļēāđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĢāļĩāļĒāļšāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļāļąāļšāļāļĨāļļāđˆāļĄāļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄ āļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļŠāđˆāļ§āļĒāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āđˆāļ§āļĒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļœāļĨāļĨāļąāļžāļ˜āđŒāđ€āļŦāļĨāđˆāļēāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļ•āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ„āļĨāļīāļ™āļīāļāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāđƒāļ™āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ°āļĒāļēāļ§āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ„āļ› āļ“ āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļĄāđ‚āļŦāļŠāļ– āđāļĨāļ°āđ‚āļĢāļ‡āļžāļĒāļēāļšāļēāļĨāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™ āđ† āļ„āļģāļŠāļģāļ„āļąāļ: āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢ, āļĒāļēāļ§āļēāļĢāđŒāļŸāļēāļĢāļīāļ™, āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āđ€āļ§āļĨāļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āđˆāļēāđ„āļ­āđ€āļ­āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļēāļĢāđŒāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ‡āļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē, TTR, āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāļđāđ‰Abstract Objective: To determine the effects of warfarin clinic serviced in patients receiving pharmacist-managed warfarin therapy and those receiving usual care at out-patient department, Mahosot Hospital, Lao PDR. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was conducted at the out-patient department, Lao Luxembourg heart center. To be eligible, patients had to receive warfarin for at least 1 month, continue warfarin for a minimum of 4 months, and have the INT result for each visit. Patients were randomized either to the pharmacist-managed warfarin therapy (control group) or the usual care (control group). Efficacy outcomes were 1) time in therapeutic range (TTR), 2) INR 3) knowledge scores 4) DRPs (sub-therapeutic dosage, over dosage, and drug interactions) 5) thromboembolism events 6) patient adherences. Safety outcomes were adverse drug reactions (major bleeding or minor bleeding). A student t-test, a Mann-Whitney U test, a repeated-measure ANOVA test, a Chi-squared test, a Fisher’s exact test and a Cochran’s test were used statistical analysis. Results: From a total of 72 patients (36 in each group),TTR was 63.3 Âą 35.5% in the test group and 45.3 Âą 39.9% in the control group with statistical significance (P-value = 0.046). Knowledge scores about warfarin therapy were significantly different between the test and control groups at 3rd visit (13.2 and 7.0 points, respectively, P-value = 0.013). The most common DRPs identified were sub-therapeutic dosage (30 cases in the test group). At 4th visit, 6 and 15 DRPs were found in the test and control groups, respectively. Conclusion: Patients receiving pharmacist-managed warfarin therapy had better outcomes than those receiving usual care. These results then lead to the long-run establishment of warfarin clinic led by pharmacist at Mahosot Hospital, and other hospitals. Keywords: pharmacists, warfarin, time in therapeutic range, TTR, knowledg

    Prescribing Patterns and Drug Related Problems of Opioid Analgesics and Adjuvant Medications in Patients with End-stage Cancer Receiving Palliative Care Management at a Community Hospital

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    Objective: To determine prescribing pattern on opioids analgesics and adjuvant medications among patients with last-stage cancer receiving palliative care. Drug related problems (DRPs) and their causes, and factors potentially associated with the DRPs were also investigated. Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, patients with end-stage cancer were selected. Data were collected from inpatient medical records, outpatient medical record and home visit record for 1 year. That were explored and evaluated drug related problem by The PCNE classifications v.7.0 then summarized and analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-square test at a significance level of P-value < 0.05. Results: There are 35 inpatients, the majority were male (21 cases or 60% of all patients) with an average age of 61.46 Âą 14.98 years. The most diagnosed disease was liver cancer. DRPs during in hospitalization were found with an average of 1.17 DRPs per patient. The most common DRP the effect of drug treatment not optimal (39.02% of all DRPs). The majority cause of DRPs was Inappropriate drug according to guidelines/formulary. At out-patient visits, DRPs were found with an average of 1.30 DRPs per patient.In home visits, an average of 1.16 DRPs per patient was found with most common cause of the effect of drug treatment not optimal. Pain level was significantly associated with having DRP during hospitalization (P-value = 0.046). Conclusion: DRPs were found among patients with terminal cancer receiving palliative care. The findings emphasized optimal medication management with pharmacist involvement. To relieve DRPs, guidelines for opioid analgesics and adjuvant medications management should developed. Such improvement could lead to a rational drug use. Keywords: drug related problem, palliative care, end-stage cancer, analgesics, prescribing patter

    Improving the management of chronic pain using mixed methods and an analytical framework to make recommendations for improving services

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    Methods: Three research methodologies were used including a comprehensive literature review, a descriptive study and a qualitative study.  A revised root cause analysis framework (consisting of four major steps) adapted and created by the researcher was also applied as an analytical framework to the whole research programme to facilitate the achievement of the aim and objectives. Results: Antidepressants were the most commonly prescribed drugs followed by a combination of paracetamol and weak opioids.  Drug-drug interactions between antidepressants and opioids were the most common potential MRPs.  Analgesic prescribing was independently associated with cause of pain and health-related quality of life.  Pain level, cause of pain and health-related quality of  life were independent significant factors for adjuvant prescribing.  The poorer the health-related quality of life was, the greater the number of analgesics and adjuvant drugs that were prescribed.  A  model of pain medication taking behaviours was developed, and relationships between MRPs, pain medication taking behaviours and considerations of patients’ perspectives on pain and pain medication taking were identified.  Patient factors were the main root causes of complex MRPs.   A set of recommendations (for both GPs and pharmacists) and evidence-derived questions for primary care pharmacists were proposed to help reduce and prevent MRPs. Conclusion: An intervention based on the findings of this study, and related to the pharmacist’s roles and responsibility could ultimately help to improve pharmaceutical care services for people with chronic pain in primary care.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
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