Fertilizer Branch Extension Growth

Measurements of annual branch extension growth made in 2007 and 2008 on 15 control trees and 15 trees that were fertilized with N, P and K adjacent to the treeline site in September of 2006, 2007 and 2008

Needle Gas Exchange

Measurements of light-saturated net photosynthesis, dark respiration and stomatal conductance made on approximately one-week intervals during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons in three habitat types

Growing Season Microclimates

Hourly measurements of air temperature, humidity, photosynthetically active radiation, rain, soil temperature and soil water content at each of the sites between early June and late September of the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons

Seasonal Needle N and 13C

Measurements of needle N concentration and needle 13C made on approximately weekly intervals on 8 supplementary trees in each habitat during the 2011 growing season

Needle N, 15N and Photosynthesis

Measurements of needle nitrogen concentration, needle 15N and needle net photosynthesis on the final sampling date in each of the habitats during late August of 2010 and 2011

Test p-values for evaluating dosage effects based on schizophrenia data.

<p>DUP: duplications. DEL: deletions. Case (or control) CNV rate = the total number of CNVs in cases (or controls) divided by the total number of cases (or controls). Case/control ratio = Case CNV rate divided by control CNV rate. CNVR: copy number variation region. Pval_PLINK: 2-sided p-values based on 10,000 permutations and permuting phenotype labels within genotyping batches (asymptotic p-values were similar). Pval_CCRET: 2-sided p-values based on the Davies (1980) method.</p><p>Test p-values for evaluating dosage effects based on schizophrenia data.</p

Power comparison between CCRET and PLINK 2-sided tests for simulation II-A: between-locus heterogeneity of the GI simulation, under 6 heterogeneity models as detailed in section “Simulation Design”.

<p>Black <b>O</b> line: CCRET; Blue <b>Δ</b>: PLINK 2-sided test analyzing deletions and duplications combined; Green <b>+</b>: PLINK 2-sided test analyzing only duplications; Magenta <b>x</b>: PLINK 2-sided test analyzing only deletions.</p

Type I error rates for evaluating GI effects (nominal alpha = 0.05).

<p>Type I error rates for evaluating GI effects (nominal alpha = 0.05).</p

Type I error rates for evaluating dosage effects (nominal alpha = 0.05).

<p>*: Type I error rates based on PLINK 2-sided tests</p><p>**: Type I error rates in parentheses are based on PLINK 1-sided tests.</p><p>Type I error rates for evaluating dosage effects (nominal alpha = 0.05).</p

Power comparison between CCRET and PLINK 1-sided tests for simulation I-A: between-locus heterogeneity of the dosage simulation.

<p>As detailed in section “Simulation Design”, we considered 6 heterogeneity models with different proportions of risk-associated (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>.</mo><mo>•</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn></math>) or protective (<math><msubsup><mrow><mi>β</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>D</mi><mi>S</mi><mo>.</mo><mo>•</mo></mrow></msubsup><mo><</mo><mn>0</mn></math>) effects among causal loci. Black <b>O</b> line: CCRET; Blue <b>Δ</b>: PLINK 1-sided test analyzing deletions and duplications combined; Green <b>+</b>: PLINK 1-sided test analyzing only duplications; Magenta <b>x</b>: PLINK 1-sided test analyzing only deletions.</p