Simulating Historical Flows And Connection. The Artistic Transfer During The 15th To 16th Century In The Iberian Peninsula.

The Late Gothic period (fourteenth-sixteenth century) was a phase of transition in Europe – with social, political, economic and cultural changes. Within this framework, Europe was the scene of a significant amount of mobility of artists that in some way materialised the production of architecture without borders: a "Pan-European style" (García Cuetos, 2011) capable of reproducing and adapting models in different places. This paper will present the project ArTNet “Analysing artistic transfer network. A social and spatiotemporal study of Late Gothic architectural production in the Iberian Peninsula” which was designed to identify, record and analyse artistic transfer network transcending the building scale to better understand the process of Late Gothic architecture production in the Iberian Peninsula. An integral view bringing together several factors is being studied by multiscale models, combining HGIS and Graph model, and analysis (such as SNA, spatial statistics, map visualisation and spatiotemporal analysis)

Achieving the state of research pertaining to GIS applications for cultural heritage by a systematic literature review

During the last decade, we have witnessed an increased interest in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), including the so-called “Historical GIS”, 3D GIS heritage and its subcategory of “SDI for cultural heritage”. Specific literature reviews, gathering and analysing the scientific production for Culture Heritage and GIS based research questions, are currently lacking. Therefore, the overall goal of this article is to provide an objective summary of the current state -of-the-art concerning how GIS has been used and what methods and analysis have been applied in the field of cultural heritage. In this sense, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of the literature on the application of GIS in cultural heritage is carried out. To do so, the WOS and Scopus databases were considered. The results show that the dominant application of GIS is in the realisation of inventory and cataloguing of archaeological and architectural heritage. As a result of the quantitative analysis, we also verify the principal sources in which most studies have been published, highlighting the "ISPRS Archives" with 14 publications, the "Lecture Notes in Computer Science" with 9, and "Proceedings of Digital Heritage" with 6 publications. These data show that the sources that most publis h mainly belong to the field of IT and Computer Science. In addition, the SLR shows that in the last three years there has been a greater tendency to use GIS to solve more specific problems of heritage through its use in conjunction with other tools such as BIM and photogrammetrySpain’s Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness HAR2016–78113-R HAR2016–76371-

Historical SDI, thematic maps and analysis of a complex network of medieval towers (13th-15th century) in the moorish strip

The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLII-4, 2018 ISPRS TC IV Mid-term Symposium “3D Spatial Information Science – The Engine of Change”, 1–5 October 2018, Delft, The NetherlandsThis work is part of an investigation into the use of GIS for the documentation and comprehension of medieval architectural heritage in the ancient Kingdom of Seville. The research was done in the framework of the project “Sustainable guardianship of cultural heritage through digital BIM and GIS models: contribution to knowledge and social innovation”, an interdisciplinary project focused on the applications of information technology in architectural heritage in Spain. The study case of this paper is located in the Guadalquivir valley during the period between 13th and 15th centuries. It concerns the Moorish Strip site, fortified by the Christian Kingdom of Castile with the aim of creating a barrier with the Moorish Kingdom. Its deteriorated state has led us to create a historical and spatial database in order to contribute to its conservation management plan. Apart from the historical documentation research and the data gathering, intensive fieldwork was also done to collect information about the buildings. In this paper we present a Historical SDI to investigate the hypothesis that the spatial patterns of the Moorish Band obey rules of “inter-visibility” control. Some analysis has been done on the site scale, such as: i) a thematic map of building material; ii) a spatiotemporal analysis; iii) the density of the distribution of towers over the territory; iv) a simulation of the territory visibility from the towers; v) the inter-visibility among towers; iv) thematic maps using attribute values. These analyses permitted us to highlight the need to create a preservation plan that should consider the network visibility system as an important value for heritage interpretation and knowledge.Spain’s Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness HAR2016–78113-

La producción del sistema ferroviario. Hacia una IDE histórica del patrimonio ferroviario de Andalucía

The railway process (1854-1940) in Andalucia contributed to the formation of a new territorial structure. The railway, built and used, was also a means of production: business networks, flows of raw materials and people, energy technologies that shaped the land and also were shaped by it. In this sense, the railroad, produced and producer of various changes, cannot be understood without its productive forces, including knowledge and technology, the working class, the superstructure of society, the State and nether can't be separated from nature, where the topography and hydrology played important role. These factors are combined, juxtaposed, are interspersed, engage and sometimes collide, creating what might be called the " rail rhizome", a hyper complex space, intervened and shaped by a diversity of actors.This paper presents a new interpretation of the Andalucia railway heritage through the application of a Geographic Information System (GIS), which based on the historical creation of a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) of railways in Andalucia, open and expands its spatiotemporal vision.El proceso ferroviario (1854-1940) en Andalucía contribuyó a la formación de una nueva estructura territorial. El ferrocarril, construido y utilizado, fue también un medio de producción: redes de negocios, flujos de materias primas y personas, energías, tecnologías que configuraron el territorio y fueron configurados por él. En este sentido, el ferrocarril, producido y productor de diversos cambios, no puede ser entendido sin sus fuerzas productivas, incluyendo el conocimiento y la técnica, la clase trabajadora, las superestructuras de la sociedad, el Estado, ni puede ser separado de la naturaleza, en el cual la orografía y la hidrología jugaron importante papel. Estos factores, se combinan, se yuxtaponen, se intercalan, se compenetran y a veces se colisionan, creando lo que podríamos llamar de "rizoma ferroviario", un espacio hipercomplejo, intervenido y conformado por una gran diversidad de actores. Este trabajo presenta una nueva interpretación del patrimonio ferroviario andaluz a partir de la aplicación de un Sistema de Información Geográfica (SIG), el cual partiendo de la creación de una Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales (IDE) histórica del ferrocarril en Andalucía, amplia y expande su visión espacio-temporal.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad HAR2012-3457

Centro de dia e lar: saúde mental de idosos e capacidade para o trabalho dos seus cuidadores formais

Mestrado em Psicologia da Saúde e Reabilitação NeuropsicológicaO Envelhecimento da população é uma realidade cada vez mais presente na nossa sociedade. A investigação junto da população idosa e dos seus cuidadores requer que sejam criadas condições para que, estes grupos, possam usufruir de uma boa qualidade de vida. Propõe-se analisar a capacidade de trabalho dos cuidadores formais de idosos em contexto institucional mas com modalidades de trabalho distintas, no Centro de Dia, onde praticam um horário diurno e fixo, em paralelo com o horário por turnos rotativos diurnos/noturnos praticados no Lar. Foi proposto também analisar o estado mental dos idosos dessas mesmas instituições. A amostra deste estudo contou com 90 participantes dos quais 50 idoso e 40 cuidadores formais. Utilizou-se para a recolha de dados com os idosos o MMSE – Mini-Mental State Examination e a GDS-30 – Escala de Depressão Geriátrica, com os cuidadores a Escala de Graffar e o ICT – Índice de Capacidade para o Trabalho. Os resultados demonstraram não existirem diferenças significativas ao nível da demência e da depressão entre os idosos do Lar e do Centro de Dia. Outros resultados refletiram, para os cuidadores formais, uma capacidade para o trabalho excelente, ligeiramente superior aos dados de referência. Não foi conseguida uma relação entre a saúde mental dos idosos e a capacidade de trabalho dos seus cuidadores formais o que pode retratar o sucesso das medidas de apoio e educação desenvolvidas nesta área.The aging of the population is a reality more and more present in our society. The research done among the elderly and their caregivers requires that conditions are created so that these groups can enjoy a good life quality. It is proposed to analyse the working ability of elderly caregivers in institutional context but with different working arrangements on the Day Center, where is practiced a daily fixed schedule, in contrast with the time of full time rotating shifts practiced at the Nursing Home . It was also proposed examination of mental state of the elderly of those institutions. The sample included 90 participants, 50 of which elderly and 40 formal caregivers. In order to collect data, among the elderly there was made use of the MMSE - Mini Mental State Examination and the GDS-30 – The Geriatric Depression Scale. For the caregivers it was applied the Graffar Social Scale and WAI – Work Ability Index. The results showed no significant differences at the level of dementia and depression among the elderly of Nursing Home and Day Centre. Other results reflected, for formal caregivers, a capacity for excellent work, slightly higher than the reference data. It was unable to achieve a relationship between the mental health of the elderly and the working capacity of the formal caregivers which can portray the success of the support and education measures developed in this area

Did the Paris Agreement Fail to Incorporate Human Rights in Operative Provisions? Not If You Consider the 2016 DGs

The implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change should follow a rights-centred approach, not only because negative climate change impacts can directly affect several human rights, but also because actions to address climate change may also provoke unintended human rights consequences. During the negotiations that led up to the signing of the Paris Agreement in December 2015, states included an explicit reference to human rights only in the preamble of the legal norm, negotiating other direct references to human rights out of operative provisions. The outcome of negotiations raised the question of whether states have missed an opportunity to positively and unquestionably secure a rights approach to climate action post-2020. Using a contextual analysis of other international law developments that occurred alongside the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, especially the international agreement on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), this paper argues that states have properly integrated a human rights dimension into key operative provisions of the Paris Agreement, albeit indirectly. The first part of this paper describes how negotiations led human rights to feature only in the preamble of the Paris Agreement. The second part describes how states have integrated a human rights dimension into the concept of sustainable development under the SDGs. The third section describes how states have woven sustainable development references into several of the operative provisions of the Paris Agreement. The fourth part argues that an integrated interpretation of international law leads to the conclusion that human rights have been indirectly incorporated into key operative provisions of the Paris Agreement that reference sustainable development and discusses some of the implications for climate action

When Climate Adaptation Is Imperative yet Elusive: Guatemala’s Test for Climate Justice

Guatemala perfectly illustrates the climate justice paradox: the countries that contributed least to climate change, and have lower financial and technological capacity to implement timely climate action, are often among the most vulnerable to climate impacts. Guatemala has barely contributed to greenhouse gas emissions (GhGs) that cause climate change. Yet the country is suffering from the effects of climate change. In 2005, Tropical Storm Stan caused more than 1,400 deaths, and over one half million affected in Guatemala, 70 percent of whom were indigenous peoples, causing U.S. $989 million in economic losses. In 2010, tropical storms Alex, Agatha, Frank, and Matthew killed 262 Guatemalans, injured 778, required the evacuation of 243,000 homes, and left another 76,000 homes damaged. Estimates are that 723,000 people were affected in the country, and the economic damage was U.S.$1 billion only for Agatha (Bosque 2011). Guatemala’s Homeland Security Unit for Disaster Reduction reported that in 2015 almost one million Guatemalans were affected by floods and landslides resulting from tropical storms, with 290 fatalities (República de Guatemala 2015a). In 2016, the Dry Corridor in Central America—affecting Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador—experienced a severe drought that left 1.5 million Guatemalans in need of humanitarian assistance

Equitable Allocation of Climate Adaptation Finance - Considering Income Levels Alongside Vulnerability

The 2015 Paris Agreement elevates the goal of climate adaptation to the same level of importance as the goal of climate mitigation, and emphasizes the need to mobilize finance for climate adaptation in developing countries. As of February 2017, however, the financial gap for climate adaptation remained monumental. With the administration of US President Donald Trump threatening to interrupt American financial flows to the climate regime, developing countries are expressing growing concern about the ability of developed country parties to mobilize enough finance to meet the sizeable costs of their climate adaptation needs. In this context, the question of how to equitably allocate scarce adaptation finance among competing developing countries has gained renewed relevance. The operating entities serving the financial mechanism of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the Adaptation Fund (AF) and the Green Climate Fund (GCF), have granted two groups of countries — the small island developing states (SIDS) and the least developed countries (LDCs) — priority access to adaptation resources. Adaptation funds do not clearly differentiate among developing countries beyond these two priority group categories. The primary criterion for allocation of adaptation finance among developing countries outside the LDCs or SIDS groups has been “vulnerability to the adverse effects of climate change.” However, political agreement on the concept of climate vulnerability has proven elusive, and therefore operating entities have considerable discretion in deciding which countries are considered particularly vulnerable. In practice, high-income developing countries such as Chile, with higher capacity to mobilize private finance and domestic public finance for climate adaptation than lower-middle-income countries such as Guatemala, have been able to access a sizeable share of scarce adaptation finance. The current formula has proven insufficient to address important equity concerns in the allocation of adaptation finance among developing countries. This paper argues that the operating entities of the financial mechanism serving the Paris Agreement, especially the GCF, should incorporate an objective, income-based criterion based on gross national income (GNI) per capita to complement the subjective criterion of vulnerability as primary guidance, ensuring a more equitable allocation of scarce climate adaptation finance to those countries with lower financial capabilities

Climate Finance and Transparency in the Paris Agreement - Key Current and Emerging Legal Issues

The success of the Paris Agreement depends in large measure on the legal and operational details of the “enhanced transparency framework” under article 13, including the transparency framework for climate financial support. The transparency framework for financial support will guide how parties are to report the progress toward meeting their commitments to provide financial support for climate action in developing countries and, where support is received, on its use. Developed countries’ pledge to provide financial support to developing countries was a cornerstone of the compromise that enabled the virtually consensual global adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015. This financial pledge will remain crucial throughout the implementation of the Paris Agreement. Transparency on how this financial support is actually going to be delivered is essential to maintain trust and to promote broad compliance with the climate mitigation and climate adaptation commitments under the Paris Agreement. Yet, almost three years after the Paris Agreement adoption, many aspects of the transparency framework for financial support remain unclear. This paper unpacks key current and emerging legal aspects of climate finance and the transparency framework for financial support in the Paris Agreement, ahead of the twenty-fourth Conference of the Parties (COP24) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), to take place in December 2018 in Katowice, Poland. The paper argues that the transparency framework for support should be designed as an accountability tool for developed countries’ obligation to provide financial support to climate action in developing countries. Furthermore, the paper argues that a transparency framework for financial support can only serve to build a comprehensive and effective accountability system if it also covers the financial contributions from emerging economies and high-income developing countries to lower-income developing countries

Differentiation in International Environmental Law: Has Pragmatism Displaced Considerations of Justice?

The Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) scholarly movement seeks to assess and to advance the ‘promise of international law to transform itself into a system based, not on power, but justice’, by considering how global norms impair or advance the interests of states in the Global South. This chapter seeks to contribute to the TWAIL scholarly project by examining whether international environmental law (IEL)’s norms and mechanisms have been a source of international legal innovation by challenging entrenched global socio-economic and power imbalances, making this field of law more supportive of the interests of the South. This chapter uses a TWAIL approach to understand evolution and innovation in IEL in the context of the growing South-South divide, as some emerging economies’ significant contributions to global environmental problems and their financial and technological capabilities to protect the global comment environment set them apart from other developing countries. It considers whether IEL has incorporated innovative norms and mechanisms in this changing geopolitical context that allow it to promote environmental justice at the global level