The Role of the County Professional Council in Advanced Training and Professional Development of Class Teachers

Stručno usvršavanje je obvezan dio učiteljskog posla koji se provodi na četiri osnovne razine: individualnoj, školskoj, županijskoj i državnoj. Brojne su prednosti i nedostaci svakog oblika usavršavanja, a svi su oni na putu profesionalnog razvoja učitelja jednako važni i korisni. U radu je prikazan model stručnog usvršavanja učitelja na županijskoj razini (Županijsko stručno vijeće učitelja razredne nastave – Grad Sisak) pri čemu veliku ulogu imaju upravo županijski voditelji koji su poveznica između školske i državne razine stručnog usavršavanja učitelja.Advanced training is a mandatory part of teacher’s job and it is being carried out at four basic levels: individual, school, county and state level. There are numerous advantages and disadvantages of any form of training, and they are all equally important and useful in the course of professional development of teachers. This study presents the model of advanced training of class teachers at county level (County professional council of class teachers – the Town of Sisak), where the very county leaders, who are the link between the school and state level of advanced training of teachers, have a great role

Restriction enzyme analyses of <i>B</i>. <i>pseudomallei</i> phages.

<p>Genomic DNA extracted from soil isolated (ΦBp-RE4-5) and MMC-induced (ΦBp-RE1-3) <i>B</i>. <i>pseudomallei</i> phages were digested with restriction enzyme <i>Bst</i>BI (A) or <i>Mlu</i>I (B) and analyzed using agarose gel electrophoresis. Different DNA patterns were observed when digested with the <i>Mlu</i>I restriction enzyme. A 1-kb DNA ladder was included as a DNA marker.</p

The growth of mitomycin C (MMC)-treated <i>B</i>. <i>pseudomallei</i> cultures and Transmission Electron Microscopy assessment of the induced phages.

<p>Growth of different strains following MMC induction. The MMC-treated cultures show a decline in optical density (OD_600nm) after addition of MMC that is not observed in the untreated culture (A). Soil-isolated (B) and MMC-induced temperate (C) phages have similar icosahedral heads with short, non-contractile tails, which are characteristic of phages in the <i>Podoviridae</i> family.</p

PCR amplification and DNA sequence analysis of the DNA fragment encoding the <i>B</i>. <i>pseudomallei</i> phage tail tubular protein B.

<p>DNA from soil-isolated and MMC-induced temperate phages were used as a template to PCR amplify the fragment of a gene encoding the phage tail tubular protein B. The 325-bp DNA fragment was detected in each case. A negative PCR control (N) and 100-bp DNA marker were included (A). Nucleotide sequences comparison of the phage tail tubular protein B DNA amplified from ΦBp-RE1 and ΦBp-AMP1 is shown (B).</p

Distributions of <i>B</i>. <i>pseudomallei</i> and their phages in soil samples.

<p>The 86 (A) and 15 (B) soil samplings were collected from Roi-Et province in northeastern Thailand during rainy season. Each square represents a 2.5 m x 2.5 m area of the field, in which soil sample was taken at a depth of 30 cm. The presence of <i>B</i>. <i>pseudomallei</i> and phages was assessed in each sample and the results are shown in this Figure.</p

Induced Burkholderia prophages detected from the hemoculture: a biomarker for Burkholderia pseudomallei infection

Bacteriophages (phages), viruses that infect bacteria, are found in abundance not only in the environment but also in the human body. The use of phages for the diagnosis of melioidosis, a tropical infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is emerging as a promising novel approach, but our understanding of conditions under which Burkholderia prophages can be induced remains limited. Here, we first demonstrated the isolation of Burkholderia phages from the hemocultures of melioidosis patients. The B. pseudomallei-positive hemoculture bottles were filtered to remove bacteria, and then phages were isolated and purified by spot and double agar overlay plaque assays. Forty blood samples (hemoculture-confirmed melioidosis) were tested, and phages were found in 30% of the samples. Transmission electron microscopy and genome analysis of the isolated phages, vB_HM387 and vB_HM795, showed that both phages are Myoviruses. These two phages were stable at a pH of 5–7 and temperatures of 25–37°C, suggesting their ability to survive in human blood. The genome sizes of vB_HM387 and vB_HM795 are 36.3 and 44.0 kb, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that vB_HM387 has homologs, but vB_HM795 is a novel Myovirus, suggesting the heterogeneity of Burkholderia phages in melioidosis patients. The key finding that Burkholderia phages could be isolated from the blood of melioidosis patients highlights the potential application of phage-based assays by detecting phages in blood as a pathogen-derived biomarker of infection.</p