Flow induced crystallisation of polyethylene in presence of nanoparticles

Polymeric systems become increasingly complicated and multifunctional if they involve a larger level of structural complexity. In the last couple of decades the level of interest has gradually shifted from the μm-scale to the nm-scale region, for instance, systems having at least one structural size below 100nm, e.g. nanocomposites. The physical properties of polymers such as crystallisation, tensile modulus, impact strength and viscosity are strongly influenced by the presence of additives in the polymer matrix. Semicrystalline polymers comprise nearly two-thirds of all synthetic polymers. These are processed to form films, fibers, and moulded articles using operations such as extrusion, moulding, fiber spinning, film blowing etc. During these processes, the polymer melt is subjected to complex and intense flow fields (shear or elongational) after which the polymer crystallises. The morphology of the semicrystalline polymer in the final product and subsequently its properties and quality, depend on the manner in which the polymer crystallises from the flowing melt. The subject is continuously driven by the quest to understand the molecular mechanism of flow induced crystallisation; nevertheless, the flow induced crystallisation in presence of nanofillers has received little attention. The thesis deals with the crystallisation studies of polymer molecules during shear in presence of nanofillers (viz. single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and zirconia particle) having different aspect ratio. For this purpose, the polyethylene (PE) consisting of desired molar mass and molar mass distribution within the processing range is utilised. The morphology of semicrystalline polymer is revealed using time resolved X-ray scattering (SAXS/WAXS) techniques. The rheological aspects of polymer melt in presence of nanoparticles are manifested. In chapter 2, the effect of SWCNTs on the crystallisation kinetics of polymers has been studied with and without application of shear rate. The shear rate effect on the formation of shish-kebab structures in the polymer containing SWCNTs is investigated. The effect of shear rates on the stretching of long chains of PE is verified using the approach involving the use of Deborah number. The study reveals the significance of SWCNTs on crystallisation of PE. In chapter 3, the influence of zirconia nanoparticles on crystal orientation of polymers is studied. Enhanced crystallisation kinetics is observed due to presence of zirconia nanoparticles. Overall crystal orientation is improved as a result of zirconia nanoparticles in the polymer matrix. In chapter 4 of the thesis, the role of broad molecular weight distribution of PE in formation of oriented (shish-kebab) structures is demonstrated. The presence of nanoparticles of different aspect ratios and binding efficiency with polymer on the formation of highly oriented structures in the early stage crystallisation is verified. The study reveals the significant role of SWCNTs in shish-kebab structure formation as compared to zirconia nanoparticles. Further, the insight on the selective adsorption of polymer chains to the nanoparticles is provided. In chapter 5 of the thesis, the molecular interaction between polymer and nanoparticles under shear above the equilibrium point (T = 141.2°C) is investigated. The study reveals the major role of SWCNTs with high aspect ratio, in the stability of flow induced precursor (FIP) and formation of extended chain crystals, as a result of strong interaction with PE molecules. On contrary, the poor interaction of Zirconia particles having low aspect ratio, with PE molecules prohibits molecular chain extension

Network Based Payroll System Application

Organizations or any Industry employs full-time and casual(contractual) academics;therefore Payroll System plays an important role whether it is a business organization or any industry or educational academics. Employees in Personal Department use the payroll system to maintain employee’s information, manage leaves and make payment to the academics every fortnight. The Payroll system can add, delete and update employee’s salary details. It can manage annual leave and long-service leave as well as record any sick leave. The system pays each academic the correct amount, on time and the payment method requested by any academics

Early Churn Prediction from Large Scale User-Product Interaction Time Series

User churn, characterized by customers ending their relationship with a business, has profound economic consequences across various Business-to-Customer scenarios. For numerous system-to-user actions, such as promotional discounts and retention campaigns, predicting potential churners stands as a primary objective. In volatile sectors like fantasy sports, unpredictable factors such as international sports events can influence even regular spending habits. Consequently, while transaction history and user-product interaction are valuable in predicting churn, they demand deep domain knowledge and intricate feature engineering. Additionally, feature development for churn prediction systems can be resource-intensive, particularly in production settings serving 200m+ users, where inference pipelines largely focus on feature engineering. This paper conducts an exhaustive study on predicting user churn using historical data. We aim to create a model forecasting customer churn likelihood, facilitating businesses in comprehending attrition trends and formulating effective retention plans. Our approach treats churn prediction as multivariate time series classification, demonstrating that combining user activity and deep neural networks yields remarkable results for churn prediction in complex business-to-customer contexts.Comment: 12 pages, 3 tables, 8 figures, Accepted in ICML

Study of Authentication and Authorization in Cloud Computing

Cloud Computing is aconvenient model for on-demand network. Cloud Computing (CC) refers to applications & services which we can run on a distributed network. This Network use hosted services and virtualized resources delivered over the internet. Cloud computing is characterized into two main categories(a) Virtualization– As the network has no limit resources are virtual and limitless.(b)Abstraction–All details of physical systems which run the software are abstracted from users.There are three categories of Cloud Computing: (a) Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), (b) Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and (c) Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). The data we are storing on CC must be safe and secure then only users will trust on this environment. Access Controls for file and directory, Flex list Models, SLAs etc are some of the facilities available for this. But still there are some drawbacks in security. When users access data from CC, Authorization and Authentication are very important. We call this as first stage of Security. This paper focuses on Authentications and Authorizations in CC

Creating recombinant fusion protein conjugates for targeting SNARE protease into neuroendocrine cells

Chronic pain poses major healthcare and economic burdens. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy for pain management by generating a biotherapeutic that requires targeting of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment protein receptor (SNARE) within the hyper-active sensory nerves. This entailed conjugating nerve growth factor (NGF) and the SNARE-cleaving protease and internalization domains of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A). The methodology involved genetic fusion and use of a protein stapling technology with a view to replacing the BoNT/A C-terminal neuronal binding subdomain (HCC) with βNGF which is a specific ligand for preferential sensory neuronal targeting. A first generation of BoNT/AΔHCC fused to βNGF was expressed in E. coli and purified. An alternative strategy was also adopted with a view to stapling a recombinant BoNT/AΔHCC-SNAP-25 protein (without the neuronal binding domain) with Vamp2.βNGF produced in E. coli, and a synthetic syntaxin-1 peptide via SNARE complex formation. Treatment of PC-12 cells with BoNT/AΔHCC fused to βNGF did not give any cleavage of intracellular SNAP-25. Failure to redirect BoNT/A protease into PC-12 cells was attributed to inactivity of the βNGF producing E. coli. After a number of attempts, the precursor peptide (Pre-Pro signal peptide) of NGF was identified as an essential element in making a biologically-active βNGF. Encouragingly, after inclusion of this leader peptide sequence into a Vamp2.βNGF construct, it was expressed as an active protein, although with low yield. The latter was addressed by creating a construct encoding a Pre-Pro signal peptide followed by βNGF.Vamp2 in the hope of increasing the yield. Expression of the resultant protein was not attempted. In summary, expression of functionally-active βNGF.Vamp2 was achieved. Further optimization is needed before its conjugation to the BoNT core-therapeutic domains, for redirecting SNARE-cleaving protease into hyper-active sensory nerves

CFD Analysis of Double Suction Centrifugal Pump with Double Volute

In this study, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Analysis is used to investigate the flow in the centrifugal pump impeller using the ANSYS-CFX. Impeller is designed for head of 22 m, discharge of 52.239 m3/hr and for the operating speed of 2970 RPM. Impeller vane profile is generated by tangent arc method and CFD analysis is performed for 1st stage of vertical pump out of 15 stages. Velocity and pressure distribution are analysed for casing and impeller. Using ANSYS-CFX head developed by this impeller is calculated and compared with the required value. From results of CFD analysis, performance curves are plotted and compared with analytical performance curves. Results obtained from CFD nearly matches with analytical results.&nbsp

Formulation and Evaluation of Orodispersible Tablets of Metoclopramide Hydrochloride.

Oral route of drug administration is the most common and preferred method of delivery as it is the simplest and easiest way of administering drugs. The rout offers ease of drug administration in a convenient manner and patients are more familiar with this rout. So, patient compliance and thus drug treatment is typically more effective with orally given medications.¹The tablet is most widely used dosage form existing today because of its convenience in term of self administration, compactness and ease in manufacturing. However, geriatric, paediatric and mentally ill patients experiences difficulty in swallowing conventional tablets, which is common among all age groups, especially in elderly which leads to poor patient compliance. To overcome these problem, scientists have developed innovative drug delivery system known as mouth dissolving or disintegrating tablets. This dosage forms dissolve and disintegrates in the oral cavity within minutes without need of water or chewing. This formulation is useful in administration of drug in paediatric and geriatric patients. From the present study carried out on metoclopramide HCL orodispersible tablet using by direct compression method, the following conclusion can be drawn.The total weight of MF9 batch was 150 mg contained metoclopramide HCL-6.6%, croscarmellose sodium-5.3%, microcrystalline cellulose-33.3%, aspartame-4%, magnesium stearate-1%, talc-0.6%, aerosil-0.3%, pineapple flavor-0.6%, mannitol-48%. The Prefromulation study gives the following information of optimize batch Angle of Repose-280.50‟ Bulk density-0.520, Tapped density-0.627, Compressibility Index-16.08 good to flow, Hausner ratio-1.205. Post parameter evaluation of tablets Hardness-1.96, Friability-0.788, Thickness-2.590, Weight variation-150.11±, Dispersion time-29 sec, Water absorption ratio-61.65, Disintegration time-26 sec, Content uniformity-98.93%, In-vitro drug release studies- in 3 min. If the concentration of croscarmellose sodium is increases it gives quick the disintegration and dissolution was observed. So the results give information that Disintegration time in 26 sec and dissolution in 3 min. Croscarmellose sodium is the optimize batch on basis of disintegration time and in-vitro drug release. The optimized formulation of batch MF9 gave the best in-vitro release of 99.60% in 3min in phosphate buffer pH 6.8. The release of drug followed matrix diffusion mechanism. Our objective to cost effective orodispersible tablet by direct compression quickly disperse in oral cavity and it definitely gives the fast release action for its antiemetic activity. Fast disintegration of tablets formulated in this investigation may be help in administration of metoclopramide HCL in a palatable form without water during emesis. Formulation MF9 gives the quick disintegration and better drug release. Hence it can be concluded that the formulation MF9 is a stable and effective for quick action and it is alternative to the conventional tablets

OVERVIEW ON METHODS OF SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES

In recent years, interest in the development of novel drug delivery systems using nanoparticles has gained more attention. The nanoparticles offer several advantages over other conventional drug delivery systems. Nanoparticles have gained importance in technological advancements due to their modifiable physical, chemical and biological properties with improved performance over their bulk foils. Nanoparticles can simply move in the body due to their small size and reach very complex organs through diverse routes. The high stability, controlled drug release makes nanoparticles the most suitable drug delivery system. Along with all these advantages, they offer variety in routes of administration. Both hydrophilic, as well as hydrophobic drugs, can be delivered in the form of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles have been used as a physical approach to modify and advance the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics possessions of various types of drug molecules. Thesol-gel technique is a stress-free and very inexpensive process to formulate metal oxides and permits control over the doping process or adding of transition metals, as related to other research techniques. The study of different methods of synthesis of nanoparticles is essential to obtain desired nanoparticles with specific sizes and shapes. They are suitable candidates for various marketable and local applications, which include imaging, catalysis medical applications and environmental applications. This review mainly focuses on approaches used for the production of nanoparticles and different methods of synthesis of nanoparticles such as physical, chemical and biological method

MedicHub – Disease Detection Using Deep Learning

The integration of technology in healthcare is rapidly revolutionizing the sector and transforming the traditional modus operandi that used to be followed into a more efficient and accurate automated system. Machine Learning is a sophisticated technology used to analyze clinical symptoms to predict diseases and deliver accurate diagnoses based on strong evidence. The major advantage of using technology to assist in diagnosis is to understand more aboutunderlying illnesses that are often overlooked while searching for a more severe disease, or when the patient is not in imminent danger. This offers patients a very reliable and accessible alternative for immediate results and also minimizes the risk of errors. Another extremely good utility of technology is withinside the discipline of medical image analysis. CNN are neural networks which are capable of recognizing patterns in pictures and hence must be included in the system to increase its accuracy and efficacy

RITU (SEASON), RITUCHARYA AND PRAKRITI- A CONCEPTUAL STUDY

The Prakriti (genetic constitution) and Kala (season) are extra ordinarily related with each other from the origin of a Prakriti due to many common and mutual factors. Naturally the effect of Kala on the Prakriti is unavoidable. The off springs from the conjugation of same Sukra (sperm) and Shonita (ovum) are not alike by Prakriti, because the time of conception or fertilization of the ovum might be different. The prominent Doshas during the time of conception has got definite role in the formation of Prakriti during conception, as well as after birth also. If the time predominates the Vata dosha, there must be certain qualities of Vata Dosha, even though the conjugating Sukra and Shonita may be of different Dosha. In such cases the chances of mixed Prakriti is more. The Charakacharya said that, a chance of Sama prakriti find is very difficult or rare. Most of the Prakrities are Vatala, Pittala and Sleshmala with predominance of Vata, Pitta and Kapha respectively. The season has great role in the genetic constitution because the fertilization of ovum also depends upon the time. Sushruta said, after the cessation of the Rajo darshana (menstrual period) the 12 nights are useful for fertilization only. The modern physiology also states that the mature ovum get discharged through one of the two ovaries, every month, on or around the 14th day of cycle and so the period round about the 14th day is best for definite conception. This clearly shows the relation of Kala (season) and Prakriti (genetic constitution) since its origin and again ahead throughout the life time. Nowadays, the nature is changing its qualities due to various atmospheric changes like pollution, space experiments, heavy industrialization and population crisis. So while studying the effects of Kala (season) one has to face the hyper/ hypo and perverted faculties of Kala (season) which are affecting the generations. So the study of Kala (season) in respect of its various effects on Prakriti (genetic constitution), will be the essential thing in future. As per Ayurveda, Ritucharya (seasonal lifestyle) should be followed for prevention of diseases arising from variations in Tridosha due to Kala (season). In present study, we tried to advocate Ritucharya (seasonal lifestyle) with respect to Prakriti (genetic constitution)