Identification et caractérisation des cellules tumorales circulantes dans le cancer rénal à cellules claires

La diffusion dans le sang des cellules tumorales circulantes (CTC) à partir de la tumeur primitive est un signe précoce d invasivité tumorale et du risque de développer des métastases. Par conséquent, la capacité à les détecter de façon très sensible et spécifique est censée constituer un test cliniquement important pour le pronostic du cancer, le suivi des patients et la personnalisation de la thérapie. Les CTC sont des cellules rares, et plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées pour leur détection. La technique ISET (Isolation by Size of Epithelial/Tumor cells) se base sur la différence de taille des CTC par rapport aux cellules leucocytaires et a montré une très grande sensibilité d isolement et spécificité d identification des CTC. Elle permet l analyse cytopathologique, immunologique et moléculaire des cellules isolées.Le cancer du rein représente 3% des cancers de l adulte, dans 75% des cas il s agit d un carcinome rénal à cellules claires (RCC). Sur le plan génétique, il est un des rarissimes cancers solides caractérisé par des variations de l ADN, il s agit de mutations au niveau du gène VHL.Ce projet de recherche vise l analyse comparative, moléculaire et cytopathologique, des CTC isolées à partir des patients avec RCC dans le but d évaluer, par une approche moléculaire, les critères cytopathologiques diagnostiques des CTC. Notre étude a porté sur 29 patients ayant bénéficié de l isolement des CTC par ISET avant toute intervention chirurgicale.L analyse cytopathologique a été réalisée utilisant les critères décrits par l équipe de P. Hofman pour définir les CTC (CNHC-MF) et les Cellules Atypiques Circulantes CAC (CNHC-UMF). L analyse génétique par séquençage du gène VHL a été réalisée avec succès sur l ADN de 205 cellules individuelles, sur l ADN issu du tissu tumoral et sur l ADN génomique de chaque patient.Sur les 29 tumeurs étudiées, 25 étaient caractérisées par des mutations du gène VHL. Cent soixante et une cellules, CTC et CAC, isolées à partir du sang de ces 25 patients, ont présenté des variations génétiques du gène VHL identiques à l ADN issu du tissu tumoral. Il s agit de 18 mutations différentes affectant les 3 exons de ce gène. Nous avons trouvé des CTC/CAC dans 29/30 des patients avec CCRC analysés. Des mutations VHL ont été trouvées dans 25 des 29 tumeurs CCRC correspondantes. Nous avons obtenu des résultats spécifiques VHL dans 205 des 327 CTC/CAC microdisséquées, comprenant 64 CTC et 141 CAC, selon l analyse cytopathologique. Les mutations VHL ont été détectées en aveugle dans 57/64 CTC et dans 125/141 CAC. Cependant, nous avons observé que les 8 et 16 CTC et CAC restantes, respectivement, avaient été isolées de patients sans mutations VHL détectables dans le tissu tumoral.Conclusion : Ceci est la première étude comparative de diagnostic génétique et cytopathologique des CTC/CAC chez des patients avec un cancer solide, le CRCC. Nos résultats suggèrent que des critères cytopathologiques élargis pourraient être appliqués au diagnostic des CTC chez les patients avec CCRC. Bien que des études complémentaires et plus élargies soient maintenant nécessaires, cette méthode ouvre la voie à une approche génétique pour le diagnostic des Cellules Tumorales CirculantesDissemination in the circulating tumor cells (CTC) from the primary tumor is an early sign of tumor invasion and risk of metastases. Therefore, the ability to detect CTC through a very sensitive and specific test is expected to be clinically important for cancer prognosis, patient monitoring and customization of therapy. CTCs are rare cells, and several methods have been proposed for their detection. The ISET technique (Isolation by Size of Epithelial /Tumor cells) is based on the difference in size of CTC as compared to leucocytes and provides high sensitivity of CTC isolation and high specificity of CTC identification. This methods also allows cytopathological, immunological and molecular analyses of the isolated cellsKidney cancer accounts for 3% of adult cancers and is a clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in 75% of cases. RCC is one of very rare cancers characterized by a DNA mutations. IRCC tumor cells are in fact characterized by by mutations in the VHL gene. This research project aims at a comparative molecular and cytopathological analysis of, CTCs isolated from patients with RCC in order to evaluate, through a molecular approach, the diagnostic criteria used for cytopathological identification of CTC. Our study included 29 patients tested by the ISET technique before surgery.The cytopathological analysis was performed using the criteria described by the group of P. Hofman to define CTC (CNHC-MF) and Circulating Atypical Cells "CAC" (UMF-CNHC). Genetic analysis of the VHL gene was successfully performed by sequencing on DNA from 205 individual cells isolated by ISET, on DNA from tumor tissue and on genomic DNA from each patient. Of the 29 tumors studied, 25 were characterized by mutations in the VHL gene. One hundred and sixty-one cells, CTC and CAC, isolated from the blood of the 25 patients, with the tumor having VHL mutation, showed genetic variations in the VHL gene identical to those found in the DNA from the tumor tissue. We found 18 different mutations affecting the three exons of this gene.We found CTC/CAC in 29/30 analyzed patients with CCRC. VHL mutations were found in the tumor of 25 out of the corresponding 29 CCRC tumors. Among 327 microdissected CTC/CAC, we obtained VHL-specific results in 205 including 64 CTC and 141 CAC, according to the cytopathological analysis. VHL mutations were blindly detected in 57/64 CTC and in 125/141 CAC. However, we then observed that the 8 and 16 residual CTC and CAC, respectively, had been isolated from patients without detectable VHL mutations in the tumor tissue. Conclusion: This is the first study comparing genetic and cytopathological diagnosis of CTC/CAC in patients with a solid cancer, CRCC. Our results suggest that broaden cytopathological criteria could be applied to the diagnosis of CTC in patients with CCRC. Although further and larger studies are now needed, this approach opens the way to a genetic approach for the accurate diagnosis of Circulating Tumor Cells.PARIS5-Bibliotheque electronique (751069902) / SudocSudocFranceF

Tumor cell and carcinoma-associated fibroblast interaction regulates matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in oral squamous cell carcinoma

AbstractCo-culture of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts and SCC-25 oral squamous carcinoma cells (OSCC), results in conversion of PDLs into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Paracrin circuits between CAFs and OSCC cells were hypothesized to regulate the gene expression of matrix remodeling enzymes in their co-culture, which was performed for 7days, followed by analysis of the mRNA/protein expression and activity of metalloproteinases (MMPs), their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) and other relevant genes. Interleukin1-β, transforming growth factor-β1, fibronectin and αvβ6 integrin have shown to be involved in the regulation of the MMP and TIMP gene expression in co-culture of CAFs and tumor cells. In addition, these cells also cooperated in activation of MMP pro-enzymes. It is particularly interesting that the fibroblast-produced inactive MMP-2 has been activated by the tumor-cell-produced membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP). The crosstalk between cancer- and the surrounding fibroblast stromal-cells is essential for the fine tuning of cancer cells invasivity

Assessment of a six gene panel for the molecular detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood of female cancer patients

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The presence of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood of cancer patients has been described for various solid tumors and their clinical relevance has been shown. CTC detection based on the analysis of epithelial antigens might be hampered by the genetic heterogeneity of the primary tumor and loss of epithelial antigens. Therefore, we aimed to identify new gene markers for the PCR-based detection of CTC in female cancer patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Gene expression of 38 cancer cell lines (breast, ovarian, cervical and endometrial) and of 10 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples from healthy female donors was measured using microarray technology (Applied Biosystems). Differentially expressed genes were identified using the maxT test and the 50% one-sided trimmed maxT-test. Confirmatory RT-qPCR was performed for 380 gene targets using the AB TaqMan^®Low Density Arrays. Then, 93 gene targets were analyzed using the same RT-qPCR platform in tumor tissues of 126 patients with primary breast, ovarian or endometrial cancer. Finally, blood samples from 26 healthy women and from 125 patients (primary breast, ovarian, cervical, or endometrial cancer, and advanced breast cancer) were analyzed following OncoQuick enrichment and RNA pre-amplification. Likewise, <it>hMAM </it>and <it>EpCAM </it>gene expression was analyzed in the blood of breast and ovarian cancer patients. For each gene, a cut-off threshold value was set at three standard deviations from the mean expression level of the healthy controls to identify potential markers for CTC detection.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Six genes were over-expressed in blood samples from 81% of patients with advanced and 29% of patients with primary breast cancer. <it>EpCAM </it>gene expression was detected in 19% and 5% of patients, respectively, whereas <it>hMAM </it>gene expression was observed in the advanced group (39%) only. Multimarker analysis using the new six gene panel positively identified 44% of the cervical, 64% of the endometrial and 19% of the ovarian cancer patients.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The panel of six genes was found superior to <it>EpCAM </it>and <it>hMAM </it>for the detection of circulating tumor cells in the blood of breast cancer, and they may serve as potential markers for CTC derived from endometrial, cervical, and ovarian cancers.</p

Methylated APC and GSTP1 genes in serum DNA correlate with the presence of circulating blood tumor cells and are associated with a more aggressive and advanced breast cancer disease

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Tumor-related methylated DNA and circulating tumor cells (CTC) in the peripheral blood might be of prognostic importance in breast cancer. Thus, the aim of our study was to examine free methylated DNA and CTC in the blood from breast cancer patients and to correlate it with clinicopathological features known to influence prognosis.</p> <p>Materials and methods</p> <p>We prospectively obtained serum samples from 85 patients with breast cancer and 22 healthy volunteers. Sera were analysed by methylation specific PCR (MethyLight PCR) for five genes: adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), ras association domain family protein 1A (RASSF1A), estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), CDKN2A (p16) and glutathione s-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1). Beta actin (ACTB) served as control. In parallel matched peripheral blood of 63 patients was used to assay for circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood by a modified immunomagnetic AdnaTest BreastCancerSelect with PCR detection for EPCAM, MUC1, MGB1 and SPDEF.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found a hypermethylation in the APC gene in 29% (25/85), in RASSF1A in 26% (22/85), in GSTP1 in 18% (14/76) and in ESR1 in 38% (32/85) of all breast cancer patients. No hypermethylation of CDKN2A was found (0/25). Blood samples of patients were defined CTC positive by detecting the EPCAM 13% (8/63), MUC1 16% (10/63), MGB 9% (5/55), SPDEF 12% (7/58) and in 27% detecting one or more genes (15/55). A significant difference was seen in methylated APC DNA between cancer patients and healthy volunteers. Moreover, methylated APC, RASSF1 and CTC were significantly different in metastatic versus non-metastatic disease. In addition, the presence of methylated APC, RASSF1A and CTC correlated significantly with AJCC-staging (p = 0.001, p = 0.031 and 0.002, respectively). High incidences of methylations were found for the genes RASSF1 and ESR1 in healthy individuals (both 23% 5/22). Methylated GSTP1 was predominantly found in the serum of patients with large primaries (p = 0.023) and was highly significantly correlated with positive Her2/<it>neu </it>status (p = 0.003). Elevated serum CA15.3 was strongly correlated with methylated APC and CTC detection (both p = 0.000). Methylated ESR1 failed to exhibit significant correlations with any of the above mentioned parameters. The presence of CTC in peripheral blood was significantly associated with methylated APC (p = 0.012) and methylated GSTP1 (p = 0.001).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The detection of methylated APC and GSTP1 DNA in serum correlated with the presence of CTC in the blood of breast cancer patients. Both methylated DNA and CTC correlated with a more aggressive tumor biology and advanced disease.</p