Pola Aktivitas Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo Abelii) Pada Struktur Dan Komposisi Vegetasi Hutan Di Pusat Pengamatan Orangutan Sumatera Taman Nasional Gunung Leuser (Activity Pattern of Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo Abelii) in the Structure and Composition of For

Forest act as a habitat which is one of the main elemen in orangutan lives. Increasing rate of forest degradation in recent years considerable influence on the orangutan population growth, its looks from the orangutan population decline significantly in recent years. Therefore, it is necessary to the preservation of orangutans through habitat management, and ecological and quantitative aspect of orangutan become interest of this study. The methodology which used in this research are the direct observation of daily activities orangutan\u27s and vegetation analysis in the forest spots that have been passed by the orangutan. The result of this research shows that orangutan average active starting at 07.33 WIB and start to make a nest for sleep approximately at 18.15 WIB with an average length of daily activity orangutan approximately 10 hours 42 minutes. Daily activity averange of orangutan for proportion duration are 15,03% for feeding, 36,59% for moving, 44,82 % for resting, and 3,56% for nesting and for frequencies are 24,09% for feeding, 32,95% for moving, 37,76% for resting, and 5,2%% for nesting. The composition of forest vegetation consists of 24 species of trees, 15 species of poles, and 20 species of saplings which identified overall approximately 88,53% of food plants. PPOS forest area has an index of species diversity (Sannon Wiener index) 2.717 species of trees, 2,235 species of poles, and 2,554 species of saplings

Evaluasi Potensi Jalur Trekking Hutan Pendidikan USU, Taman Hutan Raya Bukit Barisan, Kabupaten Karo (Evaluation of Potential Tracking Rute at Educational Forest of USU, Bukit Barisan Grand Forest Park, Regency of Karo)

Educational Forest of USU has many interesting objects, unfortunately it has not had development activity yet that can support Educational Forest of USU as a ecotourism destination. Therefore, a research about potential evaluation of ecotourism had been conducted at track of Educational Forest of USU in July – August 2012. This research aimed to evaluate the potential use of track of Educational Forest of USU for ecotourism activities. The research was conducted by using force field analysis method to decide supporting factors and obstacle factors that influenced at Educational Forest of USU. Usu has many ecotourism potencies such as the beauty of nature, flora and fauna. Educational Forest of USU has excellent potential to be developed as a tourist area and needs a great strategy from the administrator to be an interesting ecotourism region

Evaluasi Luas Tutupan Lahan Kota Pematangsiantar

Since population growth and development activities affect the quality and quantity of Urban environment, it's followed by the change of land cover and evaluate of land cover in Pematangsiantar from 2003 to 2013 by using of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) with ArcView GIS 3.3 software application. The results showed that during the period 2003-2013 land cover of Pematangsiantar area decreased by 6.67% following development activities. Especially in the District Siantar Marihat and Siantar Martoba. Pematangsiantar is currently cover at 55.47%

Penilaian Dan Pengembangan Potensi Objek Dan Daya Tarik Wisata Alam Di Taman Wisata Alam (TWA) Sibolangit (Assessment and Development of Object Potency and Pull Factor of Ecotourism at Sibolangit Recreational Park)

Sibolangit Recreational Park is an areal that has many tourism potency so that suitable as an ecotourism destination, in spite of actually this location is rarely visited of tourist. The purpose of this research is to estimate tourism potency which there are over there and to find the strategy could be done related to its development. The estimation of ecotourism in this place used guidance of ADO-ODTWA by Dirjen PHKA 2003 that had been modified. Development strategy was got by identification of strength, weakness, opportunity, and threatment at ecotourism area and then analyzed by using SWOT matriks. Result of this research showed that Sibolangit Recreational Park has ecotourism potency proper to develop with properness 69,23 % and present in the first quadran SWOT analyze. It means that Sibolangit Recreational Park exist in favorable condition because of having internal strength and external opportunity

Effect of Modification of the NI Artificial Diet on the Biological Fitness Parameters of Mass Reared Western Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus hesperus

The NI artificial diet is the only known successful diet for mass rearing the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae). This diet has been used for more than a decade. However, because it contains cooked chicken egg, and thus requires laborious preparation (Cohen 2000), this diet is difficult to use. Three modifications (D1, D2, D3) of the NI diet were investigated in hopes of developing a more easily prepared diet that avoids the cooked egg and improves mass fitness parameters of L. hesperus. The modified D3 diet, containing autoclaved chicken egg yolk based component, had the highest egg/cage/day production (13120 ± 812 SE). This was significantly greater than diets D1, containing autoclaved dry chicken egg yolk based component (9027 ± 811 SE), D2, containing autoclaved chicken egg white based component (8311 ± 628 SE), and NI, which contained autoclaved chicken egg yolk + cooked egg diet (7890 ± 761 SE). Significant differences were observed in the weights of all developmental stages except for eggs and first instar nymphs. Higher rates of fertility, hatchability, and low mortality in nymphs during the first instar were also obtained in the modified D3 diet. The results clearly indicated that the D3 diet provided an opportunity to significantly reduce rearing cost by avoiding time-consuming issues with preparation of a cooked egg diet. This should result in an increase in production capacity and a reduction in production costs

Stage-Specific Effects of Population Density on the Development and Fertility of the Western Tarnished Plant Bug, Lygus hesperus

The western tarnished plant bug Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae), a major pest of cotton and other key economic crops, was tested for its sensitivity to population density during nymph and adult stages. Nymphs reared to adulthood under increasing densities in laboratory conditions exhibited incremental delays in maturation, heightened mortality rates, and reductions in body mass and various size parameters. In contrast, gonadal activity in both males and females rose with initial density increases. Supplemental nutrients provided to the nymphs failed to offset the negative effects of high density, suggesting that contact frequency, rather than resource partitioning, may be the primary stress. Unlike nymphs, newly eclosed adults exposed to increasing population densities did not suffer negative physiological effects; body mass, mortality rates and patterns of ovipositional activity were unchanged. Collectively, these results indicate that population density can dramatically influence Lygus development, but the specific effects are stage-dependent

The First Aspartic Acid of the DQxD Motif for Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 Interacts with UDP-Glucuronic Acid during Catalysis

All UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzymes (UGTs) share a common cofactor, UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcUA). The binding site for UDP-GlcUA is localized to the C-terminal domain of UGTs on the basis of amino acid sequence homology analysis and crystal structures of glycosyltransferases, including the C-terminal domain of human UGT2B7. We hypothesized that the 393DQMD-NAK399 region of human UGT1A10 interacts with the glucuronic acid moiety of UDP-GlcUA. Using site-directed mutagenesis and enzymatic analysis, we demonstrated that the D393A mutation abolished the glucuronidation activity of UGT1A10 toward all substrates. The effects of the alanine mutation at Q394, D396, and K399 on glucuronidation activities were substrate-dependent. Previously, we examined the importance of these residues in UGT2B7. Although D393 (D398 in UGT2B7) is similarly critical for UDP-GlcUA binding in both enzymes, the effects of Q394 (Q399 in UGT2B7) to Ala mutation on activity were significant but different between UGT1A10 and UGT2B7. A model of the UDP-GlcUA binding site suggests that the contribution of other residues to cosubstrate binding may explain these differences between UGT1A10 and UGT2B7. We thus postulate that D393 is critical for the binding of glucuronic acid and that proximal residues, e.g., Q394 (Q399 in UGT2B7), play a subtle role in cosubstrate binding in UGT1A10 and UGT2B7. Hence, this study provides important new information needed for the identification and understanding of the binding sites of UGTs, a major step forward in elucidating their molecular mechanism

Genetic Variations and Haplotype Diversity of the UGT1 Gene Cluster in the Chinese Population

Vertebrates require tremendous molecular diversity to defend against numerous small hydrophobic chemicals. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are a large family of detoxification enzymes that glucuronidate xenobiotics and endobiotics, facilitating their excretion from the body. The UGT1 gene cluster contains a tandem array of variable first exons, each preceded by a specific promoter, and a common set of downstream constant exons, similar to the genomic organization of the protocadherin (Pcdh), immunoglobulin, and T-cell receptor gene clusters. To assist pharmacogenomics studies in Chinese, we sequenced nine first exons, promoter and intronic regions, and five common exons of the UGT1 gene cluster in a population sample of 253 unrelated Chinese individuals. We identified 101 polymorphisms and found 15 novel SNPs. We then computed allele frequencies for each polymorphism and reconstructed their linkage disequilibrium (LD) map. The UGT1 cluster can be divided into five linkage blocks: Block 9 (UGT1A9), Block 9/7/6 (UGT1A9, UGT1A7, and UGT1A6), Block 5 (UGT1A5), Block 4/3 (UGT1A4 and UGT1A3), and Block 3′ UTR. Furthermore, we inferred haplotypes and selected their tagSNPs. Finally, comparing our data with those of three other populations of the HapMap project revealed ethnic specificity of the UGT1 genetic diversity in Chinese. These findings have important implications for future molecular genetic studies of the UGT1 gene cluster as well as for personalized medical therapies in Chinese