Plant–Rhizobium symbiosis, seed nutraceuticals, and waste quality for energy production of Vicia faba L. as affected by crop management

Background: Broad bean fits sustainable agriculture model due to symbiosis with Rhizobium, the seeds being a good source of energy, proteins, polyphenols, and fiber. The large amount of broad bean biomass residues can be employed for biofuel production, thus valorizing the overall production process. This research was aimed to investigate on the effects of farming management, such as greenhouse cultivation and appropriate planting time on the qualities of broad bean seeds and residual biomass for conversion into biofuel. The related balances of energy gain associated to both ethanol yield and nitrogen fertilizer saving due to Rhizobium nitrogen fixation were assessed. Methods: Research was carried out on broad bean in Portici, province of Naples, southern Italy, based on the factorial combination of two farming systems (open field, greenhouse) and five planting times: 27 September and 11 October, to obtain early production; 25 October, which fell in the usual period for broad bean planting in the province area; and 8 November and 22 November, for late production. For each of these cultivation conditions, the quality of seeds, in terms of protein, fiber and antioxidant concentrations, and of crop residual biomass were determined. In addition, the energy yield as ethanol production from residual biomass and nitrogen fertilizer saving due to Rhizobium atmospheric fixation were assessed. Results and discussion: The highest plant nitrogen uptake was recorded under the fourth planting time in open field and the third in greenhouse, the average accumulation attaining 87% in residual biomass, 7.4% in pods, and 5.6% in seeds. Seed protein content was 12.6% higher in greenhouse than in open field and 16.2% higher under the latest planting time compared to the earliest one. Seed polyphenol concentration was higher in open field than in greenhouse and with the two earliest planting times. Greenhouse grown biomass showed higher values of lignin, hemicellulose and pectin, compared to open field, whereas the opposite trend was for cellulose. Lignin showed a decrease from the first to the last crop cycle, opposite to cellulose, and glucose was the most represented monosaccharide. Both the highest theoretical ethanol and overall energy production were highest with the fourth planting time. Conclusions: Greenhouse management enabled broad bean plants to accumulate higher proteins in seeds, but open field conditions resulted in better residual biomass quality for ethanol and Rhizobium-depending energy production

Seguimiento de las guías españolas para el manejo del asma por el médico de atención primaria: un estudio observacional ambispectivo

Objetivo Evaluar el grado de seguimiento de las recomendaciones de las versiones de la Guía española para el manejo del asma (GEMA 2009 y 2015) y su repercusión en el control de la enfermedad. Material y métodos Estudio observacional y ambispectivo realizado entre septiembre del 2015 y abril del 2016, en el que participaron 314 médicos de atención primaria y 2.864 pacientes. Resultados Utilizando datos retrospectivos, 81 de los 314 médicos (25, 8% [IC del 95%, 21, 3 a 30, 9]) comunicaron seguir las recomendaciones de la GEMA 2009. Al inicio del estudio, 88 de los 314 médicos (28, 0% [IC del 95%, 23, 4 a 33, 2]) seguían las recomendaciones de la GEMA 2015. El tener un asma mal controlada (OR 0, 19, IC del 95%, 0, 13 a 0, 28) y presentar un asma persistente grave al inicio del estudio (OR 0, 20, IC del 95%, 0, 12 a 0, 34) se asociaron negativamente con tener un asma bien controlada al final del seguimiento. Por el contrario, el seguimiento de las recomendaciones de la GEMA 2015 se asoció de manera positiva con una mayor posibilidad de que el paciente tuviera un asma bien controlada al final del periodo de seguimiento (OR 1, 70, IC del 95%, 1, 40 a 2, 06). Conclusiones El escaso seguimiento de las guías clínicas para el manejo del asma constituye un problema común entre los médicos de atención primaria. Un seguimiento de estas guías se asocia con un control mejor del asma. Existe la necesidad de actuaciones que puedan mejorar el seguimiento por parte de los médicos de atención primaria de las guías para el manejo del asma. Objective: To assess the degree of compliance with the recommendations of the 2009 and 2015 versions of the Spanish guidelines for managing asthma (Guía Española para el Manejo del Asma [GEMA]) and the effect of this compliance on controlling the disease. Material and methods: We conducted an observational ambispective study between September 2015 and April 2016 in which 314 primary care physicians and 2864 patients participated. Results: Using retrospective data, we found that 81 of the 314 physicians (25.8%; 95% CI 21.3–30.9) stated that they complied with the GEMA2009 recommendations. At the start of the study, 88 of the 314 physicians (28.0%; 95% CI 23.4–33.2) complied with the GEMA2015 recommendations. Poorly controlled asthma (OR, 0.19; 95% CI 0.13–0.28) and persistent severe asthma at the start of the study (OR, 0.20; 95% CI 0.12–0.34) were negatively associated with having well-controlled asthma by the end of the follow-up. In contrast, compliance with the GEMA2015 recommendations was positively associated with a greater likelihood that the patient would have well-controlled asthma by the end of the follow-up (OR, 1.70; 95% CI 1.40–2.06). Conclusions: Low compliance with the clinical guidelines for managing asthma is a common problem among primary care physicians. Compliance with these guidelines is associated with better asthma control. Actions need to be taken to improve primary care physician compliance with the asthma management guidelines

Nutritional characterization of wild legumes (Lathyrus and Vicia genera)

In several regions of the world, legumes play an important role in human and animal nutrition as they are a cheap source of protein and other nutrients. In recent years have been shown that the consumption of proteins, certain lipids, polyphenols, or bioactive peptides contained in legumes have a beneficial effect on health. In addition, since the ?green revolution,? a large amount of the world?s phytodiversity has been lost because local crops have been substituted by other genetically uniform crops, which have higher yields. However, the diversification of cultivars is necessary to adapt cultivars to soil and water conditions, or to limit phytosanitary risks. Hence, knowledge of local plants could provide useful data for the possible development of future crops. Vicia and Lathyrus are major genera of the tribe Fabeae and have wild species in Southern Spain. A total of 46 different wild species have been studied. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a deep nutritional characterization of wild populations of Lathyrus and Vicia species has been made. In this work the fatty acid composition of the seed oil, the polyphenol concentration and the antioxidant activity of the polyphenols extracted from the seeds, the amino acid composition and nutritional quality of seed proteins have been studied in 15 Lathyrus species and in 28 Vicia species (31 taxa). The main seed oil fatty acids ranged from C14:0 to C20:0. All studied species showed higher amounts of total unsaturated fatty acids than saturated ones. Among unsaturated fatty acids, the most abundant were linoleic, oleic and linolenic acids. Among studied species, the ɷ6/ɷ3 ratio was variable, ranging from 1.7 in V. articulata to 17.3 in V. faba, there being nine species in which the ɷ6/ɷ3 ratio was below 5. Polyphenolic contents ranged from 1.9 mg/g meal in V. narbonensis to 29.2 mg/g meal in L. sphaericus. The highest specific polyphenols antioxidant activity (referred to as catechin equivalents in the extracts) was observed in the extracts from Lathyrus annuus, Vicia parviflora and Vicia tenuifolia. On the contrary, the highest total antioxidant activity (referred as to extract volume) was observed in L. aphaca y V. sativa. Results show that studied Lathyrus and Vicia species are rich in phenolic compounds with higher antioxidant activity than phenolics of widely consumed legumes such as soy, chickpea or lupin. Protein contents in studied species ranged from 17.7% in Lathyrus sativus to 32% in V. pyrenaica. Among essential amino acids the most abundant were Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr and Val. Also, all species contained Lys above FAO recommendations. On the contrary, all species were limiting in Trp ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% content and were also limiting in sulphur containing amino acids, Met and Cys. In vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) in studied legumes ranged from 76.0% in L. pratensis to 86.5% in L. annuus. Nutritional parameters, such as protein efficiency ratio, corresponded to high quality proteins. Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score was similar to the observed in other commercial legumes such as lentil or peanut. In conclusion, results confirm the interest of studying wild populations of Lathyrus and Vicia species as source of seeds with good nutritional characteristics and contribute to revalorize the cultivation of these legumes.Fil: Pastor Cavada, Elena. Provincia de Buenos Aires. Gobernación. Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; EspañaFil: Pastor, Julio E.. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: Juan, Rocío. Universidad de Sevilla; EspañaFil: Vioque, Javier. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Españ

Nutritional characteristics of seed proteins in 15 Lathyrus species (fabaceae) from Southern Spain

The nutritional characteristics of seed proteins of 15 Spanish Lathyrus species have been analyzed. Protein contents in studied Lathyrus ranged from 17.7% in Lathyrus sativus to 25.6% in L. tingitanus with a 22.4% average protein content in studied Lathyrus. Among essential amino acids the most abundant were Leu, Lys, Phe, Thr and Val. Also, all species contained Lys above FAO recommendations. On the contrary, all species were limiting in Trp ranging from 0.5% to 0.8% content and were also limiting in sulphur containing amino acids, Met and Cys. In vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) in studied Lathyrus ranged from 76.0% in L. pratensis to 86.5% in L. annuus, with an average IVPD of 80.5%. Nutritional parameters, such as protein efficiency ratio, corresponded to high quality proteins. Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score was similar to the observed in other legumes such as lentil or peanut. An analysis of similarity based on the profile of seed protein amino acid composition showed, in the cluster generated, correlation with the taxonomic classification of these species according to morphological characters. Results confirm the interest of studying wild populations of cultivated and non-cultivated Lathyrus species as source of seeds with good nutritional characteristics. © 2010 Elsevier Ltd.This work was financed by grant AGR-711 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain).Peer Reviewe

Analytical nutritional characteristics of seed proteins in six wild Lupinus species from Southern Spain

The nutritional characteristics of seed proteins of Spanish wild populations of Lupinus angustifolius, L. cosentinii, L. gredensis, L. hispanicus, L. luteus and L. micranthus have been studied. Protein contents in this genus ranged from 23.8% in L. gredensis to 33.6% in L. luteus. On the one hand, L. cosentinii showed the most balanced amino acid composition, being only deficient in lysine. On the other hand, L. gredensis showed the worst amino acid composition. The in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) was high in all species examined, ranging from 82.3% in L. gredensis to 89.0% in L. cosentinii. In addition to the amino acid composition and IVPD, other nutritional parameters, such as amino acid score, calculated biological value, predicted protein efficiency ratio or protein digestibility corrected amino acid score, were studied. These data yielded L. luteus, L. hispanicus and L. cosentinii as the species with seed proteins with the best nutritional properties, similar to those observed in other legumes with recognised high quality proteins, such as soybean. Results confirm the importance of studying wild populations of cultivated and non-cultivated Lupinus species as sources of seeds with good nutritional characteristics.This work was financed by grant AGR-711 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain).Peer reviewe

Antioxidant activity in the seeds of four wild lupinus species from souther Spain

12 páginas, 2 figuras, 4 tablas.The antioxidant activity (AA) of the phenol extracts obtained from the seeds of Lupinus micranthus, Lupinus hispanicus, Lupinus angustifolius and Lupinus luteus collected in southern Spain was investigated. The seeds were all taken from wild populations, although some of these species have been used to feed livestock and for crop rotation. The polyphenol concentration in ground seeds ranged from 8.7 to 11 mg/g seed flour. AA of Lupinus polyphenols was determined using the β-carotene bleaching method. AA was highest in L. hispanicus. Intermediate values were observed in L. micranthus and L. luteus. The lowest antioxidant values were observed in L. angustifolius polyphenols. A positive correlation between seed flour and polyphenol AA was observed. L. hispanicus showed higher AA than cultivated soy, chickpea or lupin. Results suggest that these easy-to-grow Lupinus species, especially L. hispanicus, represent a source of natural polyphenols that could be added to foods as functional antioxidant components.This work was financed by Grant AGR-711 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain).Peer reviewe

Fatty Acid Distribution in the Seed Flour of Wild Vicia Species from Southern Spain

The fatty acid distribution in the seed flour from 31 Vicia taxa distributed throughout southern Spain was analyzed by gas chromatography. Fatty acids ranged from myristic acid to araquidic acid. Linoleic acid (from 28.7 to 66.3% of the fatty acids), oleic acid (from 7.2 to 32.5% of the fatty acids) and linolenic acid (from 2.7 to 16.6% of the fatty acids) were the most abundant among unsaturated ones and palmitic acid among saturated ones. The total unsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio ranged between 2.6 in V. hirsuta and 4.2 in V. hybrida. Polyunsaturated to monounsaturated fatty acids ratio ranged between 1.3 in V. ervilia and 9.0 in V. pyrenaica. The ω-6 to ω-3 ratio ranged between 1.7 in V. articulata and 17.3 in V. faba. The fatty acids distribution observed in the Vicia species studied supports the use of these plants as a source of important dietary lipids.This work was supported by grant AGR-711 from the Junta de Andalucía (Spain).Peer reviewe

Antioxidant activity of seed polyphenols in fifteen wild Lathyrus species from South Spain

Antioxidant activity of seed phenolics was studied in the following Lathyrus species: Lathyrus hirsutus, Lathyrus filiformis, Lathyrus sativus, Lathyrus cicera, Lathyrus angulatus, Lathyrus sphaericus, Lathyrus annuus, Lathyrus clymenum, Lathyrus pratensis, Lathyrus ochrus, Lathyrus aphaca, Lathyrus latifolius, Lathyrus setifolius, Lathyrus tingitanus and Lathyrus amphicarpos. Phenolic contents ranged from 3.8 mg/g meal in L. setifolius to 29.2 mg/g meal in L. sphaericus. In general, non-cultivated Lathyrus species contained higher phenolic contents than cultivated ones. A negative correlation between seed size and phenolic contents was observed and was related to the higher proportion of hulls in the smaller seeds. L. annuus possessed phenolics with highest specific antioxidant activity. These phenolics were more than two times more antioxidant than equivalent amounts of phenolics extracted from commercial chickpea, lupin or soy. On the other hand, L. aphaca possessed the highest antioxidant activity per mg of flour extract. This antioxidant activity was twice that observed in same amounts of extracted flours from commercial chickpea, lupin or soy. Results show that studied Lathyrus species are rich in phenolic compounds with higher antioxidant activity than phenolics of widely consumed legumes such as soy, chickpea or lupin. In conclusion, Lathyrus may represent an interesting source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant activity that may be useful as natural antioxidants and contribute to revalorize the cultivation of these legumes.This work was supported by grant AGR-711 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain).Peer reviewe

Protein isolates from two Mediterranean legumes: Lathyrus clymenum and Lathyrus annuus. Chemical composition, functional properties and protein characterisation

6 páginas, 4 figuras, 5 tablas.Protein isolates were analysed from two Mediterranean legumes, Lathyrus clymenum and L. annuus. Protein isolates were prepared by alkaline extraction, including sodium sulphite and acid precipitation of Lathyrus proteins at their isoelectric point (pH 4.5). The percentage of proteins recovered from L. annuus and L. clymenum flours during the preparation of the protein isolates was around 60%. Chemical composition, nutritional parameters, main functional properties and protein composition of Lathyrus protein isolates were studied. L. annuus and L. clymenum protein isolates contained 81.07% and 82.4% of proteins, respectively, and they have a balanced content of essential amino acids, except for sulphur amino acids, with respect to the FAO pattern. The in vitro protein digestibility increased in the protein isolates to 93% and 95% in L. annuus and L. clymenum, respectively. Functional properties were similar to those observed in other legumes protein isolates. These results confirm the interest of local crops as sources of high value protein products obtained after convenient protein extraction procedures and the removal of antinutritional components. These high added value protein isolates are of interest for the food industry and for the revalorisation of L. annuus and L. clymenum favouring the bioconservation of Lathyrus.This work was financed by grant AGR-711 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain).Peer reviewe

Protein and amino acid composition of select wild legume species of tribe Fabeae

The nutritional characteristics of seed proteins of 50 Spanish wild taxa of Lathyrus, Lens, Pisum and Vicia have been compared. The highest average protein richness and the in vitro protein digestibility have been observed in the genus Vicia and Lens, respectively, whereas the genus Pisum showed the lowest protein-digestibility corrected amino acid score. Using the K-means algorithm three clearly distinguished groups of taxa have been established in relation to their essential amino acid contents, protein richness, digestibility and nutritional parameters. The most adequate protein profile was observed in the taxa of group 1. This group includes four taxa of genus Lathyrus and nine taxa of genus Vicia. It should be noted that seven of the thirteen taxa included in this group have never been used as crops. © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.This work was financed by Grant AGR-711 from Junta de Andalucía (Spain). Thanks are due to María Dolores García-Contreras for technical assistance.Peer Reviewe