50 research outputs found

    Hydrogen-powered road vehicles : the health benfits and drawbacks of a new fuel

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    Because of the political, social and environmental problems associated with dependency on fossil fuels, there is considerable interest in alternative energy sources. Hydrogen is regarded as a promising option, particularly as a fuel for road vehicles. The Dutch Energy Research Centre (ECN) recently published a vision of the future, in which it suggested that by 2050 more than half of all cars in the Netherlands could be running on hydrogen. A switch to using hydrogen as the primary energy source for road vehicles would have far-reaching social consequences. As with all technological developments, opportunities would be created, but drawbacks would inevitably be encountered as well. Some of the disadvantages associated with hydrogen are already known, and are to some degree manageable. It is likely, however, that other drawbacks would come to light only once hydrogen-powered cars were actually in use. With that thought in mind, and in view of the social significance of a possible transition to hydrogen, it was decided that the Health Council should assess the positive and negative effects that hydrogen use could have on public health. It is particularly important to make such an assessment at the present early stage in the development of hydrogen technologies, so that gaps in existing scientific knowledge may be identified and appropriate strategies may be developed for addressing such gaps. This report has been produced by the Health and Environment Surveillance Committee, which has special responsibility for the identification of important correlations between environmental factors and public health

    Засади транскрибування ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— лСксики ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡŽ мовою

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    Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚Ρ‚ΡŽ присвячСно ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ– ΡƒΠ½Ρ–Ρ„Ρ–ΠΊΠ°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— написання ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρ–Ρ‡Π½ΠΈΡ… Π½Π°Π·Π², власних Ρ–ΠΌΠ΅Π½ Ρ‚Π° Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»Ρ–ΠΉ ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡŽ мовою. Основним об’єктом дослідТСння Ρ” Π·Π΄Π°Ρ‚Π½Ρ–ΡΡ‚ΡŒ ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π²Ρ–Π΄Ρ‚Π²ΠΎΡ€ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡΡŒΠΊΡ– Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊΠΈ. Π£ статті розглянуто досвід транскрибування ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡΡŒΠΊΠΈΡ… слів засобами Π»Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— Ρ‚Π° ΠΊΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡ— Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„Ρ–ΠΊΠΈ, Ρ‰ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ для Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΡƒΠ»ΡŽΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ основних ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡ–Π² транскрипції Π· ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— Π½Π° ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ΡΡŒΠΊΡƒ ΠΌΠΎΠ²Ρƒ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΡ–Π² Ρƒ статті Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ–Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ‡ΠΎΡ‚ΠΈΡ€ΠΈ Ρ‚Π° розглянуто Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‰Ρ–, які Π²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ–Π΄ час Ρ—Ρ… застосування Π² процСсі транскрибування. Π’Ρ–Π΄Π·Π½Π°Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‰ΠΎ Ρ†Ρ– Ρ‚Ρ€ΡƒΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ‰Ρ– ΠΌΠΎΠΆΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ виявлятися Π°Π±ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½Ρ– складу, Π°Π±ΠΎ Π½Π° Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½Ρ– слова. Для Π²ΠΈΡ€Ρ–ΡˆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΡˆΠΎΠ³ΠΎ рівня, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ” Π΄ΠΎ статті Ρ‚Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ†ΡŽ складів-Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ²Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΡ–Π² для ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— Ρ‚Π° ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— ΠΌΠΎΠ². А для ΡƒΠ½Ρ–Ρ„Ρ–ΠΊΠ°Ρ†Ρ–Ρ— написання Π½Π° Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΎΠΌΡƒ Ρ€Ρ–Π²Π½Ρ– Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡƒΡ” використовувати апостроф Ρƒ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡƒ нСобхідності ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡ– складу, Ρ‚Π° Π²Ρ–Π΄ΠΌΡ–Π½ΡŽΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π°ΠΉΡΡŒΠΊΡ–ΠΉ Ρ–ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΉ ΠΏΡ€Ρ–Π·Π²ΠΈΡ‰Π° Π·Π³Ρ–Π΄Π½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π°Ρ—Π½ΡΡŒΠΊΠΎΡ— ΠΌΠΎΠ²ΠΈ.Π‘Ρ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΡ посвящаСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ написаний китайских гСографичСских Π½Π°Π·Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ собствСнных ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠΉ Π² украинских тСкстах. ΠžΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠΌ исслСдования являСтся ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ украинского языка ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ китайскиС Π·Π²ΡƒΠΊΠΈ. Π’ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ рассматриваСтся ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ транскрибирования китайских слов срСдствами латинской Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΈΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ для формулирования основных ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² транскрипции с китайского языка Π½Π° украинский. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ½Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ‹Ρ€Π΅, ΠΊ Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡƒ ΠΆΠ΅ рассмотрСны трудности, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡƒΡ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² процСссС транскрибирования. ΠžΡ‚ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‡Π΅Π½ΠΎ, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ эти трудности ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡƒΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ²Π»ΡΡ‚ΡŒΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ слога, Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ слова. Для Ρ€Π΅ΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ уровня, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΊ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ Ρ‚Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡ†Ρƒ слоговых соотвСтствий Π² китайском ΠΈ украинском языках. А для ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΡ„ΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ написаний Π½Π° Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ апостроф Π² случаС нСобходимости ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Ρ‡ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†Ρ‹ слогов, ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ китайскиС ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈ Ρ„Π°ΠΌΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ согласно Π½ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ украинского языка.The article is devoted to the problem of unifying the ways to represent Chinese geographic names, persons’ names and cultural words in Ukrainian texts. The main object of the study is a capacity of Ukrainian language to reproduce Chinese sounds. It is proposed to consider an experience of transcription from Chinese into languages with Latin and Cyrillic alphabets, which is important to formulate main principles for the transcription from Chinese into Ukrainian. There are four main principles stated in the article for this pair of languages. It is also analyzed main difficulties, which occur in practice of using the transcription, based on these principles. The difficulties are divided into two groups: occurred on the level of syllable and occurred on the level of word. To solve problems on the former level, the author complicate the article with tables of Chinese syllables and there equivalents in Ukrainian. To unify writing on the latter level, the author proposes to use apostrophe if important to mark syllable bounds and change a word’s ending in Ukrainian texts according to the norms of Ukrainian grammar

    De invloed van stikstof op de gezondheid

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    Stikstof is noodzakelijk voor alle vormen van leven. Het is bijvoorbeeld een belangrijke bouwsteen van eiwitten. Planten, dieren en mensen nemen het op als reactief stikstof. Dat moet uit stikstof in de buitenlucht worden gevormd. In de natuur wordt reactief stikstof slechts op beperkte schaal gevormd, hoofdzakelijk door micro-organismen. De kunstmatige vorming van reactief stikstof werd een eeuw geleden mogelijk gemaakt door de uitvinding van een proces voor de synthese van ammoniak. Deze uitvinding legde de basis voor de fabricage van kunstmest. Daarmee werd een enorme toename van de voedselproductie per hectare grond mogelijk. Naast ammoniak vallen onder reactief stikstof nog vele stikstof bevattende verbindingen, waaronder ammonium- en nitraatzouten. Rijke werelddelen en landen, waaronder Europa, en zeker Nederland, hebben te maken met een teveel aan reactief stikstof in het milieu. Dit leidt tot aantasting van dit milieu en van de volksgezondheid. De overmaat aan reactief stikstof heeft twee belangrijke oorzaken: de landbouw en veehouderij, en de verbranding van fossiele brandstoffen. De Gezondheidsraad heeft zich over de mogelijke effecten van reactief stikstof op de Nederlandse volksgezondheid gebogen. Een commissie van de raad, de Commissie Signalering Gezondheid en milieu, heeft beoordeeld in hoeverre de volksgezondheid gebaat is bij het terugdringen van de hoeveelheid reactief stikstof in ons land

    Kaders voor risicodebatten

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    Verspraak onder hoogspanning

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    Noise exposure and public health

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    Exposure to noise constitutes a health risk. There is sufficient scientific evidence that noise exposure can induce hearing impairment hypertension and ischemic heart disease, annoyance, sleep disturbance, and decreased school performance. For other effects such as changes in the immune system and birth defects, the evidence is limited. Most public health impacts of noise were already identified in the 1960s and noise abatement is less of a scientific but primarily a policy problem. A subject for further research is the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying noise-induced cardiovascular disorders and the relationship of noise with annoyance and nonacoustical factors modifying health outcomes. A high priority study subject is the effects of noise on children, including cognitive effects and their reversibility. Noise exposure is on the increase, especially in the general living environment both in industrialized nations and in developing world regions. This implies that in the twenty-first century noise exposure will still be a major public health problem

    Public health impact of large airport: evaluation

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