5 research outputs found
Greenhouse gas emissions from transport source
The transport sector is comprised of a diverse set of
activities connected by their common purpose: To move people
and goods from one place to another. The sector encompasses
such varied activities as walking to the corner store to pick up
some milk, driving a car to a theatre, and flying fresh mangoes
halfway around the world for consumption by residents of
northern countries in winter. While all of the sub-sectors within
the transport sector share a common purpose, they do not
necessarily share greenhouse gas emissions characteristics.
Hence, greenhouse gas emissions reduction solutions for different
kinds of transport can be quite varied.
There are five physical elements of the transport sector that can
be changed to reduce emissions: Vehicle efficiency, greenhouse
gas intensity of the fuel used, level of transport activity, mode of
transport chosen, and amount of capacity used
Replacement (reconstruction) of the active steel end zone of the turbogenerator
There are five physical elements of the transport sector
that can be changed to reduce emissions: Vehicle efficiency,
greenhouse gas intensity of the fuel used, level of transport
activity, mode of transport chosen, and amount of capacity used.
In this paper is described one practical example of the
replacement (reconstruction) of the active steel end zone of the
turbo-generator n.1 which operates in REK Bitola, with purpose
to improve the condition of the turbo-generator from magnetic
point of view during the modernization for increasing the power.
Turbo-generator is type TVV 200-2A produced by βElektrosilaβ
β Russia. The stator winding is cooled directly with distilate. The
rotor winding, the stator core and the housing are cooled with
hydrogen. The reconstruction itself covers replacing more
elements which are:
Replacement of five end packs of each active steel end zone,
which are manufactured in monolithic (backed) version and with
successive reducing of its height
Reconstruction of the pressure rings with simultaneous
installation of new enlarged copper screen on the pressure rings
Additional fingers for better tightness and intensifying the
cooling of the end zones
Stabilization of the pressing tightness of turbo-generator core
active steel with installing special spring devices so called
pressure accumulators
During the realization of the reconstruction special tools, devices
and equipment have been used.
Also for all examination which have been done protocols (test
reports) have been made. Every test report consist from: test
object, basis, criteria of control, test results and conclusion on the
test results
Analiza motornih ulja s pomoci infracrvene spektroskopie
ΠΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅, ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ²Π°Π° Π±ΡΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΎΠ±Π΅Π·Π±Π΅Π΄ΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΈ Π·Π° Ρ
Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°.
ΠΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎ Π³ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°, ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π° Π½Π° ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π·Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° FTIR ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ° Π·Π° ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΄ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π° Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΈ Π³ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°.
ΠΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎ Low SAPS
ΠΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ΄ Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π³Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°
Π‘ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ° Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡ. ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΎ Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠ΄ΠΈ Π·Π° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΠ£ Π·Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΊΠΈΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π» Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π½Π° CO2 ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ 160 Π½Π° 130 g / km Π·Π° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 2012 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. Π’ΠΎΠ° Π²ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° Π΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° Π½Π° CO2 Π·Π° 19% Π° Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠ°. ΠΠΎ 2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄. ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ° Π΅ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΈ 95 g / km
ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ° Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ³ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅
ΠΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ·ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΅ Π΄Π°Π΄Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ° Π½Π° Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»Π½ΠΈΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π±Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡ.
ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎ 70%. Π¨ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π·Π° Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄Π°Π½ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΎΠΆΡΠ²Π°ΡΠ° Π·Π° ΠΎΠ²Π°Π° ΡΠ΅Π», Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΆΡΠ²Π°Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΈΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎ Π±ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ΄ 6 Π΄ΠΎ 7 Π³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈ