The Impact of Manual Ability Level on Participation of Children with Cerebral Palsy in Life Areas

AbstractObjectivesParticipation is a complex and context-dependent concept, which several factors can influence it. The aim of this study was assessing the relationship between the upper extremity function level of children with cerebral palsy (all type of cerebral palsy and severity) and their participation in different life areas.Materials & MethodsThis cross-sectional study assessed the relationship between the level of upper extremity function of cerebral palsy children and their participation in different life areas. Participants were 274 parents of children with cerebral palsy of the schools of children with pecial needs and occupational therapy clinics in Tehran, Iran in 2018.They completed the Manual Ability Classification System (MACS) to determine the level of upper extremity function of children with cerebral palsy and Children Participation Assessment Scale-Parent version (CPAS-P) (to determine the participation level of children with cerebral palsy) questionnaires separately.ResultsThe mean age of children was 8 yr and 8 months old (at least 6 yr and maximum 12 yr). The correlation between the level of upper extremity function and the overall score of each dimension of participation is significant (P<0.05) and moderate.ConclusionThe upper extremity function of children with cerebral palsy has a moderate and significant relationship with the participation of children with cerebral palsy in different life areas and withdifferent dimensions of participation especially parental satisfaction dimension. Therefore, there is a correlation between upper extremity function and participation in occupations, but this relationship is moderate and is not very strong

Participation of Iranian Cerebral Palsy Children in Life Areas: A Systematic Review Article

How to Cite This Article: Pashmdarfard M, Amini M, Hassani Mehraban A. Participation of Iranian Cerebral Palsy Children in Life Areas: A Systematic Review. Iran J Child Neurol. Winter 2017; 11(1):1-12. AbstractObjectiveCerebral palsy (CP) is the most common cause of chronic disability that restricts participation in areas of occupations for children. The main aim of rehabilitation is enhancement of their clients for participation in occupations. The aim of this study was to overview of the factors influencing the participations of children with CP in Iran. Materials & MethodsA systematic, evidence-based process (Duffy 2005) was used. For data gathering electronic databases including Google scholar and Iranian and foreigner famous journals in the fields of pediatrics, were used. The main key words for search were Activity of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), play, leisure, work, rest/sleep, social participation, and education. All the papers of this study were about the factors influencing the participation of Iranian CP children during 2000-2016. Totally, 156 articles were found eligible as for Iranian CP children study, of which 100 articles were discarded. Because of repetitive and duplicability of some articles, 17 articles were removed as well. ResultsThe most studies about Iranian CP children participations in life areas were in the ADL area of participation (N=12), and the lowest articles were in the area in the field of: Work (N=2), play (N=2), and sleep/rest (N=2). Most of the occupational therapists do not focus on the all life areas. ConclusionIn Iran, many researchers do not pay attention to the participation of CP children. Many articles just paid attention to the sensory, motor or cognitive components of their clients.Refereneces1.Trabacca A, Vespino T, Di Liddo A, Russo L. Multidisciplinary rehabilitation for patients with cerebralpalsy: improving long-term care. J Multidiscip Health c 2016;22(9):455-462.2. shubhra M, Deborah J. cerebral palsy. In: Braddom RL, editors. physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 3rd ed.Elsevier; 2007. p.1243-61. 3. Van Nieuwenhuizen O, Platenga NJ, Kasteel TE. Epilepsy in cerebral palsy: etiology, classification and prevalence. Europe Paed Neural Soc 1997;1(2-3):111-5.4. Oriady Zanjani M. Cerebral palsy in viewpoint of speech language pathology nature, assessment and treatment. Hamedan: Nooreelm; 2005.5. Joghataei M, Kazem M. Assessment the level of community needs in welfare services on the wholecountry. 1st ed. Tehran: University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences; 1990.p.123-5.6. Vohr BR, Wright LL, Dusick AM. Differences and outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics 2004;113(4):781-9.7. sharifi A, Kamali M, Chabok A. Rehabilitation Needs of People with Cerebral Palsy: a qualitativeStudy. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014;28:1-10.8. labaf S, Shamsoddini A, Hollisaz MT, Sobhani V, Shakibaee A. Effects of Neurodevelopmental Therapy onGross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Iran J Child Neurol 2015;9(1):36-41.9. Shamsoddini A. comparison between the effect of neurodevelopmental treatment and sensory integration therapy on gross motor function in children with Cerebral Palsy. Iran J Child Neurology 2010;14(1):31-8.10. American Occupational Therapy Association. Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 3rd Edition. Am J Occup Therapy 2014;48:3-48.11. Bradley L, Law M. systematically reviewing the evidence. In: Law M, editors. Evidence-based rehabilitation: A guide to practice. 2nd ed. USA: Slack Incorporated; 2008. p.143-7.12. Dalvand H, Dehghan L, Feizy A, Amirsalai S, Bagheri H. Effects of the bobath technique, conductive education and education to parents in activities of daily living in children with cerebral palsy. Hong Kong J Occup Therapy 2009;19(1):14–9. 13. Nurani Gharaborghe S, Sarhady M, Hosseini SMS, Mortazavi SS. Relationship between Quality of Life and Gross Motor Function in Children with Cerebral Palsy (Ages 4-12) Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences and Health Services 2015;37(2):48-53. 14. Afshar S, Rassafiani M, Hosseini S.A. Effect of Occupational Therapy Home Program on Activities of Daily Living of 5-12 Years Old Children. J Rehabil 2013 13(4):117-23.15. Lewandowska A, Zajchowska J, Iwaniszyn J, Huk J, Świeboda P, Filip R. Functioning of the family of a child suffering from cerebral palsy. J Pre-Clin Clin Res. 2012; 6(1): 50-53.16. Razavi Afzal Z-S, Rassafiani M, Sarfaraz Z, Malekpour M, Salehi, M. A Survey on caregivers’ knowledge about special caring for 1-to-5 year-old children with cerebral palsy and their compliance with these practices. J Res Rehabil Sci 2013;9(4):618-28.17. Rassafiani M, Sahaf R. Hypertonicity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: a New Perspective. Iran Rehabil J 2011;9:66-74.18. Poursadoughi A, Dadkhah A, Pourmohamadreza-Tajrishi M, Biglarian A. Psycho-Rehabilitation Method (Dohsahou) and Quality of Life in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Iran Rehabil J 2015;13(2):28-33.19. Salehi Dehno N, Noorizadeh Dehkordi S, Dadgoo M, Salehi M. Association between spasticity and the level of motor function with quality of life in community dwelling Iranian young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2012;26(4):150-6.20. Noori M, Pishyareh E, Hosseini SA, Akbarfahimi N, Rahgozar M. Relationship between upper extremity function and quality of life in the children with spastic cerebral palsy in Capital of Iran. Pajouhan Scientific Journal 2015;13(3):41-8.21. Dalvand H, Rassafiani M, Hosseini S.A. Handling challenges in the children with cerebral palsy: A qualitative content analysis. J Res Rehabil Sci 2013;9(8):1267-80. 22. Balouchy R, Ghaeni S. Physical Fitness of The Children Infected With Cerebral Paralysis Through A work-group of “Therapists - Children - Parents”. Scientific Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences 2009;17(3):16-23. 23. Dalvand H, Rassafiani M, Hosseini S.A. Handling in the Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of Ideas and Practices (A Literature Review). J Rehabil 2012;13(5):8- 17.24. Hassani M, Hassani Mehraban A, Taghizadeh G, Aliabadi F, Ramezani S. Enjoyment of participation in formal and informal activities among students with cerebral palsy and healthy students. J Kermanshah Univ Med Sci 2015;19(3):160-7.25. Nobakht Z, Rassafiani M, Rezasoltani P. Influence of child’s disability on encountering environmental barriers to Participation of children with cerebral palsy. J Res Rehabil Sci 2013;9(2):286-94.26. Ghasemzadeh R, Kamali M, Chabok A, Falahi M, Shirani M. Accessibility to the public facilities: a mean to achieve civil rights of the people with disabilities in Iran. Iran Rehabil J 2008;6(7,8):73-82.27. PourRanjbar M, Keshavarz L, Sharifian E, Farahani A. Barriers for Wheelchair-User Disabled People to Participate in Leisure Physical Activities in Southeast of Iran. Journal of Kerman University of Medical Sciences 2015;22(5):555-68.28. Hassani Mehraban A, Hassani M, Amini M. The Comparison of Participation in School-Aged Cerebral Palsy Children and normal Peers: A Preliminary Study. Iran J Pediatr 2016 June; 26(3):e5303. doi: 10.5812/ijp.530329. Nobakht Z, Rassafiani M, Rezasoltani P, Sahaf R, Yazdani F. Environmental barriers to social participation of children with cerebral palsy in Tehran. Iran Rehabil J 2013;11:40-5.30. Abbaskhanian A , Rashedi V , Delpak A, Vameghi R, Gharib M. Rehabilitation Interventions for Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review. J Pediatr Rev 2015;3(1):1-8.31. Amini M, Hassani Mehraban A, Haghni H, Asgharnezhad AA, Khayatzadeh Mahani M. Development and validation of Iranian children’s participation assessment scale. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2016 (20 February). Vol. 30:333. 32. Rosenberg L, Jarus T, Bart O. Development and initial validation of the children participation questionnaire(CPQ). Disability Rehabil 2010;32(20):1633-44.33. Amini M, Hassani Mehraban A, Rostamzade O. Translation, cultural adaptation, face, content and convergent validity of children participation questionnaire into Persian. J Rehabil Med 2016; 5(2): 151-157.34. Soleimani F, Vameghi R, Kazemnejad A, Akbar Fahimi N, Nobakht Z, Rassafiani M. Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life Questionnaire for Children. Iran J Child Neurol 2015;9(1):76-86

Attending the Classroom Again: Mobile Phones On or Off?

From the end of 2019, when inexplicable signs of the spread of COVID-19 were reported, until mid-2021, university classes were held online. Electronic learning (e-learning) has greatly contributed to the growth and development of e-learning education knowledge of professors and students. According to some experts, the e-learning movement can be divided into before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. One of the important consequences was the widespread use of smartphones in education

Validation of Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) based on the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF): A pilot study

Fieldwork education is an integral part of the educational process in occupational therapy and assessing student competency at the end of fieldwork is important. The aim of this study was to design and conduct an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) based on the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) for occupational therapy students on Level II fieldwork in Iran. A seven-station OSCE was designed and conducted with 13 students. Face and content validity of the exam scenarios and grading checklists was assessed via faculty review. The correlation between scores from each station and total OSCE scores were obtained to assess construct validity. Inter-rater reliability between two independent examiners at each OSCE station was determined. The participants’ (including both students and examiners) reactions to and learning from the exam was assessed using a self-report questionnaire that included participants\u27 attitudes, satisfaction, and emotional response to the OSCE. Finally, a focus group of 12 examiners was conducted to examine the strengths and weaknesses of the exam. It was ascertained that the OSCE had good and acceptable face, content, and construct validity as well as inter-examiner reliability. All students reported that the exam was stressful, and most students (n=8, 61%) and examiners (n=5, 42%) reported there was not enough time for each station. Strength and weaknesses of the exam as related to the exam condition, exam content, students, and examiners were reported. Based on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of the results, in order to use OSCE as a method of evaluating occupational therapy students, some changes should be applied

Participation Assessment Scales for 4 to 18-Year-Old Individuals With Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review

Objectives: Participation is defined as involvement in life situations and the ultimate outcome for individuals with disabilities. One of the most common causes of chronic disabilities that restrict individuals’ participation is cerebral palsy (CP). The main goal of rehabilitation is to empower clients’ participation in various life areas. To affect participation, assessing the outcomes in individuals with different health conditions is necessary. Accordingly, this study aims to overview the psychometric properties of participation assessment scales for 4 to 18-year-old individuals with CP. Methods: A systematic review using PRISMA guidelines was completed. The searched keywords included the following items: participation, cerebral palsy, ADL, IADL, education, play, leisure, social participation, rest/sleep, work, leisure, scale, assessment tools, activity, meaningful activity, purposeful activity, function, performance, creational activity, physical activity participation, recreational activity, self-care, mobility, and functional mobility. The inclusion criterion for articles was being published in a peer review journal from 2000 to 2020. Results: After examining the title, abstract, and full text, 22 articles were eligible to be included. Among 1482 studies, a total of 22 studies assessing the participation of children with CP in meaningful activities were included in this review.  Discussion: The psychometric properties of 8 outcome measures for 4 to 18-year-old individuals with CP were available and 5 assessment scales have the potential to be used for this population; however, the psychometric properties of these scales were unavailable

The Effect of Poetry and Rhythmic Movements Therapy on Reducing Childhood Anxiety of a Child with Myelomeningocele: A Case Report

Background and Objectives: Myelomeningocele is a congenital malformation of the central nervous system. Children with this disorder, along with having motor problems, often suffer from behavioral-emotional problems. Anxiety can be annoying, destructive and harmful to the child, due to its impact on all areas of life such as education, interaction with peers, life satisfaction, sense of adequacy and efficiency. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of Poetry and Rhythmic Movements Therapy on reducing child anxiety with the diagnosis of Myelomeningocele. Case Report: The present study is a case study that examines 10 sessions of Poetry and Rhythmic Movements Therapy based on the guidelines for reducing aggression in a 12-year-old child with a diagnosis of myelomeningocele. In this study, the Spence anxiety questionnaire was used. The questionnaire contains 45 phrases (38 score carded terms) that include 6 domains and anxiety domains such as panic and fear of open space, separation anxiety, fear of physical harm, social phobia (phobia), general anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorder - measuring the practice of children aged 8 to 15 years. In this study, the questionnaire was completed before and after the intervention by the caregiver. Conclusion: Poetry therapy and rhythmic movements can be used as a non-invasive, simple and low-cost treatment and an appropriate way to reduce children’s anxiety

Review Paper: Rehabilitation of Blind People and People With Low Vision in Iran

Objectives: The blind and visually disabled people form a predominant group in the disabled society and hence, need greater attention. Most of the rehabilitation therapists, especially occupational therapists, do not focus on this group. Thus, the aim of the study is to shed light on the issue of negligent attitude of rehabilitation therapists, especially occupational therapists, toward blind and visually-impaired people.  Methods:To perform this study, a systematic, evidence-based process (Duffy 2005) was used. Data for the study was gathered from the following sources: Electronic databases: Medline PubMed, CINAHL, OVID Medline, CINAHL Plus with Full Text, Cochrane Databases of Systematic Reviews, ProQuest, UpToDate, Web of Science, OT Search, OTDirect, PEDro, SID, Magiran, IRAN MEDEX, MEDLIB, and IRANDOC.  Results: From accessible databases, 112 articles related to blind and people with low vision in Iran were found; of these, only 17 articles have been included in this study.  Discussion: Proper assessment of the visually disabled is required to implement the appropriate intervention technique. Occupational therapists need to pay special attention to the visually disabled people.&nbsp

Does Parent report gross motor function level of Cerebral palsy children impact on the parent report quality of life in children with cerebral palsy?

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the effect of parent report gross motor function level of Cerebral Palsy (CP) children on the parent report quality of life of CP children.Material & MethodsThis study was a cross - sectional study and sampling was done in occupational therapy clinics and CP children’s schools in Zanjan, Iran. In this study the samples size was 60 CP children aged 6-12 years and for sampling method a non-probability convenience sampling method was used. For assessing the quality of life of CP children the cerebral palsy quality of life (CP QOL) questionnaire and for assessing the level of gross motor function of CP children the   Gross Motor Function Classification System Family Report Questionnaire (GMFCSFRQ) were used.ResultThe average age of children (22 male and 30 female) was 8.92 years old (minimum 6 years and maximum 12 years). The relationship between the level of gross motor function and participation and physical health was Direct and significant (r=0.65). The relationship between functioning, access to services and family health with the level of gross motor function were direct but were not significant (p >0.05) and the relationship between pain and impact of disability and emotional wellbeing with the level of gross motor function was significant (p<0.05)