Botanical origin, physicochemical characterization, and antioxidant activity of bee pollen samples from the northeast of Portugal

Bee pollen is a beehive product that has increased the attention of both researchers and consumers. The main goal of the present study was to evaluate 69 heterofloral dried bee pollen samples harvested in two regions of the northeast of Portugal (Mogadouro and Vimioso). For such, the botanical origin of the samples and several physicochemical parameters (moisture, pH, water activity, reducing sugar, proteins, lipids, ash, fibers, carbohydrates, energy, total phenolic, and flavonoids) were evaluated and the antioxidant potential was studied. The average percentage of pollen grains from Erica spp. and Cytisus spp. was higher (p<0.05) in samples from Mogadouro, while Cistus spp., Castanea spp., and Echium spp. were more abundant in Vimioso samples. The pollen harvested in Vimioso presented higher values on proximate parameters as compared to other samples:moisture (4.61 ± 0.84%), lipids (4.94 ± 0.94%), ash (3.28 ± 0.93%), fiber (3.55 ± 1.11%), and carbohydrates (66.60 ± 3.52%).On the other hand, higher values were obtained on Mogadouro samples regarding water activity (0.41 ± 0.11), protein (26.09 ± 2.86%), total phenols (26.71 ± 6.19, expressed as mg of Gallic acid equivalents GAE/g), and antioxidant activity (assessed by b-carotene bleaching [3.35 ± 1.17mg/mL] or the free radical scavenging assay [2.98 ± 0.63mg/mL]). All bee pollen samples had a great botanical similarity, yet the dominant pollen types were different between the two regions allowing the classification of the samples according to the geographical origin.Ananias Pascoal would like to thank Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal), Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH), and European Union (EU) for his Postdoctoral grant SFRH/BPD/91380/2012. The Research Support Foundation of the State of Amazonas (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM) for the financial support to the project coordinated by Emerson Dechechi Chambó entitled “Physicochemical, microbiological characteristics and bioactive properties of honey from meliponines from Alto Solimões, Amazonas” (Notice 004/2017 - PPP).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of processing conditions on the bioactive compounds and biological properties of bee pollen

Bee pollen has had a valued place in traditional medicine for centuries, even though its use in modern medicine is still limited by the lack of scientific evidence. In this study, we characterized and compared nine types of bee pollen, submitted to two preservation methods (lyophilization and drying), in relation to the content of phenolic compound and total flavonoids. The biological properties were also evaluated and compared. Pollen analysis allowed us to classify two samples as heterofloral, whilst the remaining were monofloral. The concentrations of flavonoid and phenolic compounds were greater in the lyophilized samples. Even though all samples presented antimicrobial activity, the lyophilized ones induced stronger inhibition against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. For the yeasts studied, the difference between the two preservation procedures was not so relevant. The antioxidant activity was also greater in the lyophilized samples. Antimutagenic capacity was observed in all samples, independently of the preservation method, even though some bee pollen types decreased the number of gene conversion and mutant colonies more efficiently. In conclusion, the results suggest that lyophilization is better to preserve the bioactive compounds and biological properties of this natural product.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Ética empresarial: um estudo em uma unidade bancária em João Pessoa-PB

Given the current scenario of corruption scandals, financial crisis and ethics review that is taking place in Brazil, what has been going on for the country has been discussed, and to what extent the Brazilian way is embedded in culture, given the need to Review of the culture of winning at any cost we have, the present work had as objective to describe how the practice of ethics in the relations of consumption of products and services in a branch of João Pessoa-PB is given, how the company acts in relation to Ethics of its employees, the factors that influence ethical actions and how it is perceived by employees. As an approach, the qualitative method was used, since it replaces the freedom of interpretation necessary for the study. For this purpose, the research was applied through structured questionnaires with the employees of the Agency's Product and Service commercialization area where it was possible to see the day-to-day ethical dilemmas and the effects on business practices. After analyzing and interpreting the data in the research-banking unit, it was possible to perceive that the company does not have a participatory method for the elaboration of the goals, and that these generate great influences in the way the collaborator acts to reach them. It was possible, from the data collected, to perceive that the company has mechanisms to try to avoid unethical practices by its employees; But indirectly it ends up putting them in a situation of conflict when it assigns them goals that are plastered and repeatedly overestimated and at the same time reminds them that it can adopt different ways to achieve them, but that in none of them can it violate the laws that regulate the relationship.NenhumaVisto o cenário atual de escândalos de corrupção, de crise financeira e de revisão da ética que está ocorrendo no Brasil, vem sendo discutido qual seria a saída para o país, e até que ponto o jeitinho brasileiro está incrustado na cultura, visto a necessidade de revisão da cultura de ganhar a qualquer custo que possuímos, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo descrever como é dada a prática da ética nas relações de consumo de produtos e serviços em uma agência bancária de João Pessoa-PB, como a empresa age em relação à ética (moral) de seus funcionários, os fatores que influenciam as ações éticas e como ela é percebida pelos colaboradores. Como abordagem, lançou-se mão do método qualitativo, uma vez que reponde a liberdade de interpretação necessária ao estudo. Para tanto foi aplicada a pesquisa através de questionários estruturados com os colaboradores da área de comercialização de Produtos e Serviços da agência onde foi possível ver os dilemas éticos do dia a dia e os efeitos nas práticas de negócios. Após análise e interpretação dos dados na unidade bancária pesquisa, foi possível perceber que a empresa não possui um método participativo para a elaboração das metas, e que estas geram grandes influências no modo como o colaborador age para alcança-las. Foi possível, a parir dos dados coletados, perceber que a empresa possui mecanismos para tentar evitar as práticas antiéticas por parte dos seus colaboradores; porém indiretamente ela acaba pondo-os em situação de conflito quando lhes atribui metas engessadas e por diversas vezes superestimadas e ao mesmo tempo os lembra que ele pode adotar diferentes modos para alcança-las, mas que em nenhum deles ele pode infringir as leis que normatizam a relação com o consumidor

Microbiological quality and sensory evaluation of new cured products obtained from sheep and goat meat

The present work aims to study the effect of species and seasoning time on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of cured legs of sheep and goats. Three cure periods were used: two for sheep and one for goat legs. Legs of lamb were cured for 7 and 8 months whereas legs of goat were cured for 8 months only. Samples were evaluated regarding pH, water activity and indicators of food microbial q uality and safety. A trained panel carried out the sensory analysis, with aroma, texture, appearance and taste being the evaluated parameters. Significant differences were detected between the amount of aerobic mesophiles of the products cured during 7 months and the sheep legs cured during 8 months. Moulds and yeasts were between 1.81 × 106 ± 1.73 × 106 and 3.97 × 106 ± 5.45 × 106 colony-forming units/g, whereas total coliforms varied from 2.80 × 102 ± 4.13 × 102 to 1.31 × 104 ± 2.39 × 104. All samples were negative for toxigenic species. Concerning sensory analysis, hardness and taste persistence were the attributes that presented the highest and the lowest discriminative power, respectively. In general, the panel was able to characterise and distinguish the samples. The cured legs of goats were characterised as harder and as less succulent than those obtained from sheep. Sheep meat with larger time of cure was the brightest, whereas the one with a smaller time of cure was the most succulent. However, goat meat presented higher values of rancid and acid flavour. Sheep meat submitted to longer processing presented the most intense flavour and sheep meat with an inferior cure period presented the lowest intensity in all flavour attributes. This paper describes, for the first time in Portugal, the production and characterisation of cured legs of sheep and goats as a strategy to enhance economic value to good quality products obtained from animals of second category.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

An overview of the bioactive compounds, therapeutic properties and toxic effects of apitoxin

Apitoxin, also known as bee venom (BV), is produced in two specialized abdominal glands of worker bees and is used as a defence weapon of bees’ colony (Choi et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2016). In addition, this natural product has been used since the ancient times to relieve pain and to treat chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, tendinitis, bursitis, skin conditions and even neurologic disorders (Moreno and Giralt, 2015). This natural product is a light-yellow liquid, characterized by a bitter taste, pungent smell and a pH ranging from 4.5 to 5.5 (Eze et al., 2016; Hossen et al., 2017). Some studies have described that 88% of BV is water, yet its specific composition varies depending on bee’ species and season (Moreno and Giralt, 2015). Indeed, BV has been reported to contain a complex of biologically active compounds among which enzymes (phospholipase A2 [PLA2], lysophospholipase, hyaluronidase, acid phosphomonoesterase; α-glucosidase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV and vitellogenin), peptides (melittin [MLT], apamin, mast cell degranulating [MCD], mastocytolytic peptide, scapin, adolapin, minimine; apidaecin; tertiapin; melittin F; cadiopep; procamine A, B, pamine, and proteaseinhibitors), biogenic amines (histamine, dopamine, noradrenaline, norepinephrine, neurotransmitters) and other compounds such as amino acids (γ-aminobutyric acid, α-amino acids), carbohydrates (glucose, fructose), pheromones (Iso-pentyl acetate, n-buttyl acetate, iso-pentanol, n-hexyl acetate, n-octyl acetate, 2-nonanol, n-decyl acetate, benzyl acetate, benzyl alcohol and (2)-11 –eicosen-1-ol) and minerals (P, Ca and Mg) (Nguyen et al., 2015; Tusiimire et al., 2015; Rady et al., 2017; Moga et al., 2018; Lee et al., 2018). Among these compounds, MLT is the main therapeutic ingredient of BV, representing between 40 and 60% of the dry weight (Abd-Elhakim et al., 2014).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Effect of temperature on the bioactive properties of bee pollen

Bee pollen is flower pollen collected by the honey bee, Apis mellifera, for the purpose of feeding its larvae in the early stages of development. lt is recognized to be a valuable apitherapeutic product with potential for medical, health and nutritional applications. The objective of this work was to compares the effect of different storage conditions in the bioactive compounds and biological properties of bee pollen

Evaluation of the sensory quality of monofloral honey

Honey is an alimentary product much appreciated due to his aroma, flavor and nutritional characteristics. The sensorial analysis is important in the evaluation of the quality and authenticity of monofloral honeys. It considers attributes as color, aroma, consistence and flavor, which are interlinked and depend on the volatile compounds related with the fragrance of the flowers where the nectar was collected. The aroma and the flavor are also related directly with honeys’ color. The objective of this work was to evaluate the pollinic profile and the sensorial characteristics of four honeys from biological mode of production. The pollen analysis indicated that all of the analyzed honeys were monofloral,presenting as dominant pollen Lavandula sp. (45.83%), Erica sp. (49.69%), Prunus sp. (61.91%) and Castanea sp. (69.01%). The results obtained in the sensorial analysis performed by the consumer’s panel were treated by the Generalized Procrustes method. It was verified that the attributes that the consumers managed to evaluate more easily and whose contribution for the global appreciation was more accentuated were the color, the flavor and the consistence. The cherry tree honey presented higher values in the scale of preferences in terms of global appreciation, color, flavor, consistence and intermediate values regarding the aroma. Concerning the heather honey, aroma was the most valued attribute. Honeys from chestnut and rosemary were the ones that received lowest punctuation

Effect of storage conditions on the quality of the bee pollen

Bee pollen (BP), is the result of the agglutination of flower pollens, made by worker honey bees, with nectar and salivary substances and collected at the hive entrance. The collection of AP is a relatively recent development, dependent primarily on the basic concept of scraping pollen of the bees' legs as they enter the hive. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage conditions in the physical-chemical and microbiological parameters of organic bee pollen

Effect of temperature on the bioactive properties of bee pollen

Bee pollen is flower pollen collected by the honey bee, Apis mellifera, for the purpose of feeding its larvae in the early stages of development. It is recognized to be a valuable apitherapeutic product with potential for medical, health and nutritional applications. The objective of this work was to compares the effect of different storage conditions in the bioactive compounds and biological properties of bee pollen. The amount in phenolics compounds determined by the method of Folin-Ciocalteu varied from 32.64 to 48.40 mg GAE/g, for the dehydrated and refrigerated samples, respectively. Significant differences were verified among the two conservation processes. the amount in total flavonoids determined by the method chloride of aluminum were not verified among significant differences in the samples (6.58 mg CAE/g) and (6.99 mg CAE/g).Concerning the amount of total flavonoids determined by the method of aluminum chloride were not significant differences between the dehydrated (6.58 mg of DEA / g) and refrigerated samples (CAE 6.99 mg / g). The antioxidant capacity of BP extracts was assessed through the scavenging effect on DPPH (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and reducing power. The concentration-dependent antioxidative capacity was verified in DPPH and reducing power assays. Low values of EC50 on DPPH scavenging assay were obtained for fresh and dehydrated samples 0.74 and 1.16 mg/mL, respectively. For reducing power the values obtained for the refrigerated samples and dehydrated were similar. The high activity of refrigerated samples could be related with the conservation process. Regarding to phenolics compounds determined by HPLC method, were identified four (4) families, flavones being the most abundant one in the refrigerated and dehydrated samples. We also verified that the presence of pollen differentially affected the growth of bacterium Gram-positive (Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus epidermidis), Gram-negative (Shigella spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and yeasts (Cândida parapilosis, Cândida menbranifaciens, Cândida gllabrata) under study, depending this on the microorganism and the method of BP conservation

Storage methods, phenolic composition, and bioactive properties of Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes pollen

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of lyophilization and drying in stove on phenolic compounds content and the biological activity of Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes pollens produced in Brazil. In general, the bee pollen produced by T. spinipes presented highest antioxidant activity in dried and fresh samples assessed either by test of plasma ferric reduction capacity (FRAP) and free radical scavenging assay (DPPH) methods. For A. mellifera bee pollen the antioxidant activity was higher on the fresh samples. Nevertheless, b-carotene bleaching assay (BCB) and linoleic acid content were higher in T. spinipes samples, mainly in the fresh ones. Higher antioxidant activity was owing to higher content in phenolic compounds. Lyophilization method was the best for phenolic compounds’ conservation for both species. The bee pollen of both species has a high amount of flavonoids: kaempferol-3-O-glucoside was the most abundant in A. mellifera while for T. spinipes the most prevalent was resorcylic acidþepicatechin. All extracts presented antibacterial activity against Saphylococcus aureus (ATCC 43300)TM, (ESA 83138150), (ESA 32), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442)TM, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MRC.4) and (MRC.10). The methods used for storage influenced the biological properties of bee pollen from both species. Regarding the content of phenolic compounds, differences were observed amongst the pollen types: for A. mellifera these were best preserved with lyophilization, while for T. spinipes the three storage methods were equivalent.The authors are grateful to the Coordenac¸~ao de Aperfeic¸oamento de Pessoal de N ıvel Superior – CAPES (88881.062167/2014-01 for M.L.M.E.). A. Pascoal would like to thank Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT, Portugal), Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH), and European Union (EU) for his Postdoctoral grant SFRH/BPD/ 91380/2012.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio