Schools’ Leadership and Employees’ Work-engagement: Evidences from Secondary Schools

heads as perceived by secondary school teachers with teachers’ work engagement. Leadership styles of school heads had been explored using The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, The MLQ (FORM5X) in terms of transformational, transactional and avoidant leadership whereas teachers’ work engagement had been explored by administering UWES-17. The universe of the study were school teachers comprising sample of 272 using convenience sampling technique. Data had been collected from 30 schools, 19 from urban and 11 from rural places where number of respondents from each school did not exceed than 10. Results of descriptive statistics reveal that out of 30 heads being rated by teachers, approximately 10% were found as transformational, within transactional leaders, 87% utilize Contingent Reward Management, 80% use Management by Exception- Active and 34% leaders exploit Management by Exception- Passive whereas 55 % of them were avoidant leaders. Results of statistical correlations using PPMC declared that leadership is related to work engagement (r=.233) where transformational leadership positively relates (r= .280) and within transactional leadership, contingent reward management (r= .288) and management by exception-Active (r= .150) positively relates to teachers’ work engagement. However, management by exception-Passive (of transactional leadership) (r= -.126) and avoidant leadership (r= -.210) negatively relates to teachers’ work engagement. The study confirms that leadership styles are correlated to teachers’ work engagement indicating that transformational leadership as the most effective form of leadership and also the active side of transactional leadership which is characterized by rewarding the right work, being proactive in accounting for mistakes is linked to increasing work engaged behaviours in teachers. Whereas punitive culture, dealing with mistakes after happenings and avoidant leadership is seen to decrease work engaged behaviours in teachers. Work engagement being positive work behaviour and having lasting positive impact on employees’ general well being, must be promoted

Empoderando a las mujeres fugitivas: una lucha contra la violencia

This paper investigates the factors behind the runaway women and the untapped phenomenon of family structures where such incidents are reported. We used broader concept of women empowerment to explore the runaway causes through the provision of living, wage jobs, education, medical and health facilities in targeted population. The respondents are selected from the shelter homes of Punjab province in Pakistan where data are collected through in-depth interviews from the Runaway women and the management of different shelter homes. The transformation of data is conducted through thematic analysis. Our result indicates that domestic violence, physical & sexual abuses, life threats, and forced marriages are the reasons behind women’s runaway. The shelter homes’ management added that illiteracy and perceived destructive role of media are the additional causes in runaway incidents. Our results provide important insights on backdrop of women runaways in developing societies. Accordingly, there is an immediate need for the government and social policy agencies to take cohesive measures to support socially affected women at their door step in order to minimize such social violence.Este artículo investiga los factores detrás de las mujeres fugitivas y el fenómeno sin explotar de las estructuras familiares donde se informan tales incidentes. Utilizamos un concepto más amplio de empoderamiento de las mujeres para explorar las causas fugitivas a través de la provisión de vida, empleos asalariados, educación, servicios médicos y de salud en la población destinataria. Los encuestados son seleccionados de los hogares de acogida de la provincia de Punjab en Pakistán, donde se recopilan datos a través de entrevistas en profundidad de las mujeres fugitivas y la gestión de diferentes hogares de refugio. La transformación de los datos se realiza mediante análisis temático. Nuestro resultado indica que la violencia doméstica, los abusos físicos y sexuales, las amenazas a la vida y los matrimonios forzados son las razones del fugitivo de las mujeres. La administración de las casas de acogida agregó que el analfabetismo y el papel destructivo percibido de los medios son las causas adicionales de los incidentes fugitivos. Nuestros resultados proporcionan información importante sobre el contexto de las mujeres fugitivas en las sociedades en desarrollo. En consecuencia, existe una necesidad inmediata de que el gobierno y las agencias de política social tomen medidas cohesivas para apoyar a las mujeres socialmente afectadas en su puerta para minimizar dicha violencia social

Explotación económica de las empleadas domésticas: víctimas de la violencia de pareja

This study has two-fold purposes; first is to explore the partner violence on housemaids and second is their economic exploitation by their partner and at the workplace. Through analysis of interviews of the housemaid, it is explored that unemployment, drug addiction, ignorance of basic rights, poverty, illiteracy, financial crises are the main reasons of physical, psychological and sexual violence by the partner on housemaids. The economic exploitation of housemaids is due to the male-dominated society, gender discrimination and not predefined policy and rules about the wage rate in Pakistan. There is a need to per hour wage rate, proper reporting system against violence and empowerment of women in the society for the protection of their rights.Este estudio tiene dos propósitos; primero es explorar la violencia de la pareja en las empleadas domésticas y segundo es su explotación económica por parte de su pareja y en el lugar de trabajo. A través del análisis de entrevistas a la criada, se explora que el desempleo, la drogadicción, la ignorancia de los derechos básicos, la pobreza, el analfabetismo, las crisis financieras son las principales razones de violencia física, psicológica y sexual por parte de la pareja en las criadas. La explotación económica de las empleadas domésticas se debe a la sociedad dominada por los hombres, la discriminación de género y las políticas y normas no predefinidas sobre la tasa salarial en Pakistán. Existe la necesidad de una tasa salarial por hora, un sistema de denuncia adecuado contra la violencia y el empoderamiento de las mujeres en la sociedad para la protección de sus derechos

Implications of Cultural Capital in Women’s Higher Education Participation and Social Mobility

Equality of opportunity in higher education participation is a basic right of people in a society that leads to their social mobility in the long run. Benadusi (2002) endorsed Bourdieu’s explanations that cultural capital acts as an empowering force that predetermines equality/inequality of educational opportunity of people in a society. The study, thus, aimed to explore cultural capital as means of participation in higher education and eventually social mobility of women. A cross sectional survey was used to collect data from 103 working and 97 non-working women using purposive and convenience sampling. The study found positive relation of cultural capital of women with their participation in higher education and social mobility. Significant difference was also found between cultural capitals of working and non- working women, where cultural capital of working women was high as compared to non-working. The study therefore, concludes that education for women must be the core value of our society to enhance their cultural capital as well as social mobility in a society. Because higher is the cultural capital of women; higher would be their participation rate in higher education and social mobility for them.

Family planning through the lens of men: Readiness, preferences, and challenges

Family planning (FP) is urgently needed in Pakistan but progress remains slow. In its 2002 Population Policy, the country pledged to reduce its total fertility rate to 2.2 by 2020; at the London Summit in 2012, it committed to increase the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) to 55 percent by the same year. Despite important achievements, Pakistan’s current CPR is only 35 percent, the total fertility rate is 3.8, and 20 percent of married couples of reproductive age express unmet need for FP. FP programming has largely been directed at women, and husbands have been regarded, at best, as interested bystanders. However, recent research indicates that men’s attitudes are changing and they are eager to be involved. In several recent studies, the Population Council has focused on men’s perspectives of FP to support an evidence-based agenda that brings men into mainstream FP programming. This policy paper synthesizes the data from these studies, and other research, on Pakistani men’s readiness to be more involved in FP, the challenges they face in FP adoption, and the preparedness of the health sector to respond to their needs

Behaviors in women academicians: a perspective from higher educational sector

Las mujeres constituyen un segmento social altamente no representado en términos de investigación del comportamiento psicológico en la academia. Al cerrar esta brecha, el presente estudio amplía la comprensión del comportamiento psicológico de las mujeres y su relación con su estado socioeconómico que finalmente afecta a la academia. Se realizó una encuesta basada en la muestra de 300 profesores de las instituciones de educación superior de Pakistán, seleccionados mediante una técnica de muestreo aleatorio. Los datos se analizaron mediante ACP (análisis de componentes principales), regresión lineal y ANOVA unidireccional utilizando SPSS. Los resultados revelaron que el estado socioeconómico de la facultad docente femenina desempeña un papel importante en la configuración de sus comportamientos psicológicos. Teóricamente, este estudio ha agregado la clase socioeconómica como un precedente importante del comportamiento psicológico de las mujeres en la academia. Además, ha ofrecido ideas para la gestión en las instituciones de educación superior para impartir conciencia sobre la exhibición de comportamientos psicológicos positivos y reducir la influencia negativa de la conciencia del estado a través de sesiones de tutoría y capacitación

Adolescent girls\u27 voices on enhancing their own productivity in Pakistan: Highlights 2019

Of the 11 million girls aged 15 to 19 years in Pakistan, nearly half (47 percent) are “not in education, employment, or marriage” (NEEM). This brief presents highlights from a qualitative study conducted in Punjab province of Pakistan to probe the lives, perspectives, and aspirations of NEEM girls regarding education and involvement in economic activity and identify locally acceptable ways in which their lives may be positively transformed through access to education and safe and fair work opportunities

Effectiveness of Health Education Session on Knowledge of High School Students Regarding Plastic Use and Its Health Hazards

Introduction: Plastic is widely used due to its low cost and different functional properties but it has many severe adverse effects on consumer’s health in many direct and indirect ways. Plastic waste pollutes the environment and it is a threat to human life. So, there is a great need to reduce plastic use and plastic waste hazards. Methods: A quasi- experimental, quantitative, before and after study design was conducted  among the students total (n= 60) in the high school of Ali Raza Abad Raiwind Road Lahore, Pakistan from September 2018 to December 2018. The educational intervention involve three education session about plastic use and its health hazards in which the researcher educate the students about health hazards of plastics, prevention of plastic objects as well as health complications.  Results: A total of 60 children participated in the study, the majority of the participants were boys. The mean before the educational intervention is 8.98 (Standard deviation 3.281) and after the educational intervention is 16.85 (Standard deviation 3.036). The mean difference between the two mean is 7.867. There is a statistically significant difference before and after the educational intervention. The educational intervention is highly effective because the significant value is 0.00 Conclusions: The result of the study shows that students have adequate knowledge about health hazards of plastic use. The ill effects of plastic can be reduce by educational intervention among students. Keywords-Plastic use. Health education. Health hazards DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/72-09 Publication date:March 31st 202

Educational Opportunities for Juveniles in Punjab, Pakistan - An Equity Concern

Juveniles makes an excluded group in a society. Mainstreaming them is one of the crucial objectives to be achieved through education. Provision of equitable educational opportunities, facilities and training to juveniles’ mental, moral, social and psychological development within borstal institutions has significant role in making them productive citizens for Pakistan’s society. The study rationalized that equity is a basic instrument to analyse educational facility for juveniles’ rehabilitation and mainstreaming. The study’s focus was to explore and analyse educational opportunities apropos of equity for juveniles in borstal institutes.Purposive sampling was used for conducting in-depth interviews from 26 juveniles, which was the total strength out of104 prisoned juveniles in the borstal institute, Faisalabad. The qualitative analysis revealed that although teaching-learning process had been taking place for juveniles but the system lacked in provision of equitable educational opportunities in the institute. Further, the data showed that teachers, reading materials, stationeries, laboratories and furniture, which are essential elements in carrying out teaching-learning process, were largely missing in the borstal institute and juveniles jail. In the light of the evidences gained, the study presents some practical suggestions for provision of equitable educational opportunities for juveniles in the borstal institute and jail of Punjab, Pakistan

Increasing access to reproductive health care through improved service delivery

The study documented in this report examines the provision and utilization of public and private sector maternal and child health services in Punjab, Pakistan with a focus on family planning (FP) services. It is aimed at enabling a better understanding of the specific demand and supply dynamics leading to low contraceptive prevalence despite unmet need, and the opportunities that must be seized to enhance access to quality family planning services. The report is part of a larger project being implemented by the Population Council with the assistance of the Department for International Development, UK entitled “Sustaining Focus on Provincial Governments for FP 2020 Goals and Increasing Access to Reproductive Healthcare through Improved Service Delivery.” The findings of the study suggest that there is scope for improving delivery of FP services and methods through all four major sectors, i.e., the public health facilities, the private health facilities, Lady Health Workers, and pharmacies. Based on its findings, the report recommends specific measures and approaches to address unmet need for family planning and the skewed method mix in Punjab