7β-Hydroxy­artemisinin

Crystals of the title compound [systematic name: (3R,6R,7S,8aR,9R,12aR)-7-hydr­oxy-3,6,9-trimethyl­octa­hydro-3,12-ep­oxy[1,2]dioxepino[4,3-i]isochromen-10(3H)-one], C15H22O6, were obtained from microbial transformation of artemisinin by a culture of Cunninghamella elegans. The stereochemistry of the compound is consistent with the spectroscopic findings in previously published works. A weak O—H⋯O hydrogen bond occurs in the crystal structure, together with intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Dialogue of Cultures: The Conception of Development of Regional Higher Education Institute

Oryol State Institute of Arts and Culture is a Federal state educational institution of vocational training, that accomplishes vocational training of specialists for cultural sphere, plays the role of scientific ground in the field of studying culture, art and education in new integration conditions

Результаты использования гофрирующего шва при кортикальной фиксации аутотрансплантата из сухожилия полусухожильной мышцы при пластике передней крестообразной связки

The study purpose — to evaluate the clinical results and the condition of bone tunnels after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus tendon graft using cortical fixation and corrugated sutures.Materials and Methods. The results anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus tendon autograft were analyzed in 57 patients aged 18 to 53 years. The patients of the first group (n = 27) underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus tendon graft using cortical fixation on the femur and tibia in combination with corrugated sutures at the proximal and distal ends of the graft. The patients of the second group (n = 30) underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in a similar way, but without the use of corrugated sutures. Clinical results were assessed using the Lysholm and IKDC scales. The degree of bone tunnels widening was evaluated by CT data in 6 months after the surgery.Results. In the first group, the degree of postoperative bone tunnels widening was significantly lower (for the femoral tunnel by 18% and tibial — by 17%) compared with the second group (for the femoral tunnel by 30% and tibial — by 31%). Scores by the IKDC 2000 and Lysholm scales were higher in the corrugated sutured group. Although, the treatment outcome was interpreted as equally good for both groups. The time for graft preparation was on average 6 minutes longer in the first group. This slightly increased the duration of the surgery.Conclusion. The anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a semitendinosus tendon graft using cortical fixation on the femur and tibia in combination with corrugated sutures ensured the tight contact of the tendon inside the bone tunnels without additional implants and reduced the degree of tunnels widening. This is important for a possible re-grafting. The proposed method does not significantly affect the clinical outcomes.Цель исследования — оценить клинические результаты и состояние костных тоннелей после пластики передней крестообразной связки (ПКС) трансплантатом из сухожилия полусухожильной мышцы (СПМ) с использованием кортикальной фиксации и гофрирующих швов.Материал и методы. Изучены и проанализированы результаты пластики ПКС аутотрансплантатом из СПМ у 57 пациентов в возрасте от 18 до 53 лет. Пациентам первой группы (n = 27) выполнена пластика ПКС трансплантатом из СПМ с использованием кортикальной фиксации на бедренной и большеберцовой костях в сочетании с гофрирующими швами на проксимальном и дистальном концах трансплантата. Пациентам второй группы (n = 30) осуществлена пластика ПКС аналогичным способом, но без использования гофрирующих швов. Оценку клинических результатов проводили по шкалам Lysholm и IKDC, а степень расширения костных тоннелей оценивали по данным КТ через 6 мес. после операции.Результаты. В первой группе степень послеоперационного расширения костных тоннелей была существенно ниже (расширение бедренного тоннеля на 18% от сформированного, большеберцового — на 17%) по сравнению со второй группой (расширение бедренного тоннеля на 30% от сформированного, большеберцового — на 31%). Баллы по шкалам оценки IKDC 2000 и Lysholm были выше в группе, где использовался гофрирующий шов, но в обеих группах результат лечения интерпретирован одинаково как хороший. Времени для подготовки трансплантата требовалось в среднем на 6 мин. больше в первой группе, что незначительно увеличивало продолжительность операции.Заключение. Пластика ПКС трансплантатом из СПМ с использованием кортикальной фиксации на бедренной и большеберцовой костях в сочетании с гофрирующими швами позволяет обеспечить плотный контакт сухожилия внутри костных тоннелей без дополнительных имплантатов в них и снизить степень их расширения, что играет важную роль при необходимости ревизионной пластики ПКС. На клинический результат существенного влияния предложенная методика не оказывает

The dakhmas of Khakassia

In 2005 in the Ordzhonikidze district of Khakassia during an exploratory archaeological work was found "Temple of the Creation of the Universe" sanctuary of Fedorovo (Andronov) culture in Khakassia with cosmogonic petroglyphic compositions. The study of the petroglyphs of the "Temple of the Creation of the Universe" and the shadow-to-light pattern when the composition is illuminated by Sun revealed that these petroglyphic images are "moving depictions" which sacral semantics and the order of reading are determined with the sequence of the images of heroes' illumination by the rays of the rising and setting sun in the astronomically significant days of seasonal cycles. Disclosure of the semantics of mythological content of the "Temple of the Creation of the Universe" compositions determined by the dynamics of the shadow-to-light pattern demonstrated that two rocky planes of the "Temple's" central altar are "multi-page treatise" enabling them to consistent and coherent reading of the myth of the universe creation depicted in it. Attribution by us the semantic content of the petroglyphic compositions as an illustrations of the "proto-Zurvan-Mazdean and proto-Rigvedean" origins of the creation mythologem was artifactually confirmed by the discovery of a temple complex of two dakhmas at the top of the mountain used for the excarnation. This confirmed again the correctness of the semantic understanding of the mythologem depicted in the "Temple's" petroglyphic compositions. The astronomical principle of spatial distribution of the Dakhmas of the "Temple of the Creation of the Universe" was identified in the process of their studying. It is theologemically related with the dichotomous nature of the semantics of "proto-Zurvan-Mazdean myths" depicted in the petroglyphic compositions of the twin myth in the "Saratsk sanctuary" which is directly visible from the "Temple of the Creation of the Universe". On the rocky planes framing two central altar compositions of the "Temple of the Creation of the Universe" more than thirty previously unpublished compositions petroglyphs of Andronovo, Karasuk and Tagar cultures of Khakassia were discovered and copied. These chronologically different petroglyphic images semantically complement the central altar of the "Temple" with mythologemic content specific to each of the above cultures. In addition to multi-temporal petroglyphic compositions in the immediate vicinity of the "Temple of the Creation of the Universe" a number of cult places were found which were created by the above native cultures of Khakassia. Obviously that these religious objects were added in chronological order in the sacred structure of the temple complex, which was originally formed by two petroglyphic compositions depicting "The Creation of the World Egg from the source of chaos", two altar planes and monumental statues of the Moon and the Sun located at the foot of the "Temple of the Creation of the Universe"

The shadow of God and the Zurvan iconography

This article presents the results of a study of the Zurvan image's forming in the iconographic canon of Zurvanite myths. The relevance of the chosen topic is due to the following reasons: 1) in modern Iranian studies there is no universally recognized iconographic canon of a Zurvanite mythologem in general and a depiction of Zurvan in particular; 2) the presence of Zurvan's depiction in the Saratsk petroglyphic composition of XVIII-XVII centuries BC (Khakassia, Minusinsk Basin); 3) discovery of a "Shadow of God - Shadow of Zurvan" optical phenomenon topped with a solar halo in the Saratsk sanctuary of Khakassia; 4) the impact of the Zurvanite mythologem on the processes of Monotheistic theology formation. The discovery of the "Shadow of God" appearance in the Saratsk sanctuary made clear that the dichotomy of iconography of the Zurvan image was determined by a light-to-shadow pictorial aggregate of anthropomorphic "Shadow of the Creator" formed by the shadow of "The World Mountain" and the light-carrying head crowning this shadow. In the Saratsk sanctuary of Khakassia these dichotomous presentations about the Creator were embodied in the Khakassia's Saratsk petroglyphic composition. The discovery of the optical phenomenon of "Shadow of God" in the Saratsk sanctuary lets us to identify missing component of the iconographic image of Zurvan who is a central deity of the Saratsk petroglyphic composition and confirm the stability of the iconographic archetype of a bell-shaped attire of Creator of the world that exists for more than three millennia of formation of monotheistic theologemic basis of the civilization. In the light of Zurvan-Mazdean content we substantiate in the Saratsk petroglyphic composition and the compositions of the "Temple of the Universe Creation" which we attribute to Fedorovo culture bearers in Khakassia we consider it necessary to point to the tentatively name of the deities' images with the names of Zurvan, Ahura Mazda and Angra Manyu. Despite the obvious nature of the Zurvan-Mazdean mythologem embodied in these petroglyphic compositions at the moment we do not have a sufficient amount of evidences to name these depicted deities with theophoric names. At the current stage of our research it's correct to name the presiding deity of Fedorovs in Khakasia as a pre-Zurvan. A manifestation of that deity in the existent and non-existent dynamic of the Aryans universe was its good and non- good incarnations which can be properly described as proto-Ahura Mazda and proto-Angra Manyu respectively similar to Amesha Spenta in Sassanian mazdayasna who were good emanations of Ahura Mazda - the Almighty. Since we don't know any other Aryan name for the Time deity except Zurvan in our publications we call it Zurvan by default

Stellar astronomy of the Bronze Age sanctuaries in North Khakassia

This publication presents the results of two studies of astroarchaeological monuments in North Khakassia confirming the existence of Siberia stellar astronomy in the Bronze age (andronovo culture, Khakassia, mid-II millennium BC). It is proved that in the study area ("Sunduki") Arcturus - the brightest star in the northern sky - was purposefully observed in conjunction with the stars of the Orion constellation (in particular Betelgeuse - the brightest star of the constellation). In both investigated monuments of the Bronze Age were found man-made objects specifying astronomically important areas - a kind of tools to monitor these stars. Because there is no any written source the observed stars and epoch of observation were identified by geodetic measurements and astronomical calculations. This era is XIV-XIII centuries BC which corresponds to the archaeological dating of these objects defined in terms of style and semantics of petroglyphic images marking astronomically significant azimuths. The work confirms the hypothesis of tracking the heliacal and acronycal passages of Arcturus by Andronov priests (the first in the morning and the last in the night) in predetermined directions. Arcturus was observed by priests to determine the winter solstice, the middle of the spring and summer seasons. This revealed the specifications of observing of the heliacal and acronychal passages of stars with a naked eye such as a weakening of the apparent brightness of stars near the horizon at dusk and full moon, as well as the loss of light depending on the angular distance from the sun. Because of these features the first and the last star passages of the year through a given direction can be observed in the time interval up to ten days. The conclusion about the features of the observation of Arcturus by andronovo culture priests confirms and explains the perfection and precision of their lunar-solar calendar systems revised in such a way from the observations of the stars. No less important was the fact that figuring out a direct connection of different types of okunev and andronovo anthropomorphic petroglyphs with astronomically significant directions. This allows us to judge more reliably the semantics of certain images of okunev and andronovo cultures. Due to the fact that until recently Arcturus took a very important place in the astral mythology of indigenous peoples of Siberia the problem of reconstruction of stellar components of andronovo mythology in Khakassia becomes more perspective to solve. The obtained results allow us to consider the whole astronomical dating from observations of stars as a reliable and highly accurate (+- 50 years) instrument of ancient man-made structures' dating which was used with different cultures in the cult practice of astronomical observations

An approach to the Riemann problem in the light of a reformulation of the state equation for SPH inviscid ideal flows: a highlight on spiral hydrodynamics in accretion discs

In physically inviscid fluid dynamics, "shock capturing" methods adopt either an artificial viscosity contribution or an appropriate Riemann solver algorithm. These techniques are necessary to solve the strictly hyperbolic Euler equations if flow discontinuities (the Riemann problem) are to be solved. A necessary dissipation is normally used in such cases. An explicit artificial viscosity contribution is normally adopted to smooth out spurious heating and to treat transport phenomena. Such a treatment of inviscid flows is also widely adopted in the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) finite volume free Lagrangian scheme. In other cases, the intrinsic dissipation of Godunov-type methods is implicitly useful. Instead "shock tracking" methods normally use the Rankine-Hugoniot jump conditions to solve such problems. A simple, effective solution of the Riemann problem in inviscid ideal gases is here proposed, based on an empirical reformulation of the equation of state (EoS) in the Euler equations in fluid dynamics, whose limit for a motionless gas coincides with the classical EoS of ideal gases. The application of such an effective solution to the Riemann problem excludes any dependence, in the transport phenomena, on particle smoothing resolution length $h$ in non viscous SPH flows. Results on 1D shock tube tests, as well as examples of application for 2D turbulence and 2D shear flows are here shown. As an astrophysical application, a much better identification of spiral structures in accretion discs in a close binary (CB), as a result of this reformulation is also shown here.Comment: 19 pages, 17 figure