Instantiation context aware types in C++

Programming languages usually limit the information available to types. Object oriented languages, such as C++ or Java typically define types as definition context aware, but instantiation context free: types are able to use other types and language constructs declared or defined before their definition, but they aren’t aware of where, or in which context they are instantiated. While this is practical in most situations, both for considering the compilation speed and the complexity of the language, it also limits the expressiveness of the language. In this article, we present a way instanation context aware types could be implemented in modern C++, and a few examples where they could be useful

Ingatlanpiaci buborékok

Az ingatlanpiac ciklikus hullámzásának számtalan oka van. Amikor a nagy árnövekedési periódusok lépést tartanak a fundamentumok változásával (jövedelem, kamatlábak), az csupán konjunktúrát jelent, viszont ha elszállnak, akkor okkal lehet buborékot feltételezni a piacon. A dolgozatban a 2000-es évek fellendülő periódusát vetem össze a jelenlegi időszakkal és míg az előzőnél vélhetően a jelzáloghitelezés okozott buborékot, addig a mostaninál egyelőre nincs meggyőző bizonyíték a buborék létezésére

Modern C++

Készült az ELTE Felsőoktatási Struktúraátalakítási Alapból támogatott programja keretében

Colectomy Rates in Ulcerative Colitis are Low and Decreasing: 10-year Follow-up Data From the Swiss IBD Cohort Study.

Previous population-based studies in patients with ulcerative colitis [UC] revealed variable colectomy rates and colectomy-associated risk factors. Over the past two decades, a decrease in colectomy rates was observed. We assessed risk factors and colectomy rates over time in UC in the Swiss Inflammatory Bowel Disease Cohort Study [SIBDCS]. Prospectively collected SIBDCS data, including disease history, baseline characteristics at enrolment, and course of disease, were retrospectively analysed. Cumulative and adjusted annual colectomy rates were calculated. Among 1245 UC patients analysed [54.6% male], 114 [9.2%] underwent colectomy. We observed 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year cumulative colectomy rates after diagnosis of 4.1%, 6.4%, 10.4%, and 14.4% of patients, respectively. Male sex (odds ratio [OR] 1.54; p = 0.035), pancolitis at diagnosis [OR = 2.16; p = 0.005], younger age at diagnosis [OR 0.89 per 5 years of age; p = 0.006] and presence of extraintestinal manifestations [EIM] [OR 2.30; p < 0.001] were risk factors for undergoing colectomy. We did not observe a significant protective effect of smoking on colectomy risk [OR 0.64; p = 0.106]. The majority of colectomies were performed within first 10 years of disease onset, with a rapidly decreasing colectomy rate after 15 years. In patients diagnosed after 2003, colectomy was performed much earlier during and individual's disease course. Nevertheless, we found a significantly decreasing trend in yearly colectomy rates over time after 2005. Crude and adjusted colectomy rates in Swiss UC patients were lower than those reported previously in the literature, and decreased over time