Hyperplasia of Wistar rat tongue mucosa due to exposure to cigarette side-stream smoke

Background: Hyperplasia, a condition whereby an increasing number of cells are produced due to their uncontrolled division, represents a common symptom of carcinogenesis. Cancer is a physical manifestation of cell malignancy resulting from abnormal proliferation. Globally, oral cancer currently constitutes the sixth largest lethal form of the condition. The most common etiology of oral cancer is tobacco of which cigarettes are the most popular related product. The health risks associated with cigarette smoke not only affect active smokers but also individuals who ingest it passively. Sidestream smoke comes from the lighted end of a burning tobacco product such as a cigarette, pipe or cigar and contains nicotine and many harmful cancer-causing chemicals. Inhaling sidestream smoke increases the risk of lung and other types of cancer. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand how sidestream cigarette smoke initiates precancerous changes, in this case hyperplasia, in the oral mucosa epithelium of Wistar rats. Methods: The subjects were divided into three groups, a 4-week treatment group (P1), an 8-week treatment group (P2), and a control group (K), each consisting of ten subjects. The subjects were exposed to a daily two-cigarette dose of smoke. The experiment used a post-test only control group design. All samples were sacrificed during the fourth and eighth weeks. Haematoxylin-eosin staining was performed on the tongues of the Wistar rats to establish the presence of hyperplasia. Data was analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. Results: After the Wistar rats had been exposed to cigarette smoke, an increased degree of epithelial cell proliferation (hyperplasia) showed a significant difference with a p-value <0.05 during the eighth week. Conclusion: Exposure to cigarette sidestream smoke induces increased epithelial cell proliferation (hyperplasia) in Wistar rats

Number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β expression in Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil-treated traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats based on number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression. Method: Standard steam distillation was performed to produce Citrus limon L. peel oil with its components subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) via administration of a single 50 mg/kg dose. A traumatic ulcer was subsequently induced with a 5 mm burnisher heated for 30 s and applied without pressure for 1 s to the lower labial mucosa of the animals. Citrus limon L. oil gel containing 3% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium was then topically administered to the traumatic ulcer for a period of three or five days. TGF-β expression was analysed through immunohistochemical staining and the macrophage number calculated with haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: The major identified compounds in Citrus limon L. peel oil include fumaric (31.78 %), dlimonene (17.38 %), z-citral (13.55 %), L-linalool (8.51 %), geraniol nerol (3.56 %), geraniol (2.94 %,), αterpineol (1.25 %) and γ-terpinene (1.03 %) together with other minor constituents. Treatment of traumatic ulcers with Citrus limon L peel oil produced higher number of macrophages and TGF-β expression (p = 0.000). Treatment over a period of five days also indicated higher expression of TGF-β and number of macrophages compared to that lasting three days with Citrus limon L peel oil (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Citrus limon L peel oil stimulates TGF-β expression and an increase of macrophage numbers in diabetic subjects during traumatic ulcer healing after three and seven days. Clinical application of Citrus limon L peel oil constitutes a potential therapy in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic subjects

Knowledge of orofacial pain in students of the Dental Professional Program Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga

Background: Orofacial pain is associated with the hard and soft tissues of the head, face, and neck. Knowledge of orofacial pain helps in getting information on clinical symptoms, trigger factors, and risks of orofacial pain, as well as clinical and supportive examinations for identifying the pain. The dental professional students’ knowledge influences the ability to diagnose and decide on an appropriate treatment plan. This knowledge is seen from the intelligence level in obtaining information about orofacial pain. Purpose: To describe the level of knowledge of orofacial pain in the students of the Dental Professional Program, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, based on intelligence level. Methods: This research was a descriptive study. Data was taken using a questionnaire on google form with a simple random sampling data technique and was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The majority understand the general description of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN), as well as the risk factors and triggers (93.4% and 87.8%, respectively) associated with it. Further, 90.6% understand burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and the clinical symptoms of PHN. BMS based on clinical examination and support is understood by 96.1%, and 82.9% know how to manage trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Intelligence level is divided into three categories, namely source of knowledge (55.8% are from lectures, journals, and textbooks), material repetition (77.3% never repeated), and retention of material (65.2% no retention). Conclusion: Students’ knowledge of orofacial pain is good, but the relationship between the level of intelligence and knowledge is not yet known

Number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β expression in Citrus limon L. Tlekung peel oil-treated traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats

Purpose: To analyse the potential use of Citrus limon L Tlekung peel oil in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic rats based on number of macrophages and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) expression. Method: Standard steam distillation was performed to produce Citrus limon L peel oil with its components subsequently analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) via administration of a single 50 mg/kg dose. A traumatic ulcer was subsequently induced with a 5 mm burnisher heated for 30 s and applied without pressure for 1 s to the lower labial mucosa of the animals. Citrus limon L oil gel containing 3% carboxyl methyl cellulose sodium was then topically administered to the traumatic ulcer for a period of three or five days. TGF-β expression was analysed through immunohistochemical staining and the macrophage number calculated with haematoxylin-eosin stain. Results: The major identified compounds in Citrus limon L peel oil include fumaric (31.78 %), dlimonene (17.38 %), z-citral (13.55 %), L-linalool (8.51 %), geraniol nerol (3.56 %), geraniol (2.94 %,), α- terpineol (1.25 %) and γ-terpinene (1.03 %) together with other minor constituents. Treatment of traumatic ulcers with Citrus limon L peel oil produced higher number of macrophages and TGF-β expression (p = 0.000). Treatment over a period of five days also indicated higher expression of TGF-β and number of macrophages compared to that lasting three days with Citrus limon L peel oil (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Citrus limon L peel oil stimulates TGF-β expression and an increase of macrophage numbers in diabetic subjects during traumatic ulcer healing after three and seven days. Clinical application of Citrus limon L peel oil constitutes a potential therapy in the treatment of traumatic ulcers in diabetic subjects

The Response of the Tongue Epithelial on Cigarette Smoke Exposure as a Risk Factor for Oral Cancer Development

Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the tongue epithelial response to cigarette smoke exposure on a number of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) expression to determine the risk factor of oral cancer development. Materials and Methods Thirty Rattus norvegicus will be exposed to two kinds of cigarette smoke by a smoking pump for 4 and 8 weeks. The tongues were collected to analyze the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells with hematoxylin-eosin. The MMP-9 expression was similarly analyzed with immunohistochemical staining and then compared with the control group. Results The number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and MMP-9 expression was higher in the 8-week cigarette smoke exposure compared to the 4-week cigarette smoke exposure and the control group (p < 0.000). The number of plasma cell did not differ in the 8-week cigarette smoke exposure from that of the control group (p > 0.05). The number of plasma cells in the tongue tissue during the 4-week cigarette smoke exposure was not determined. Conclusion Cigarette smoke exposure induces the risk of oral cancer development as a result of an increase in the number of macrophages, lymphocytes, and MMP-9 expression in the tongue epithelial

Prevalence of Most Common Tongue Lesions Related to Degenerative Diseases in the Elderly

Population aged 60 years old and above are growing in number. The increase was due to the increasing life expectancy in Indonesia; a fact that will have an impact on general and oral health in the future. Tongue lesions are related to degenerative diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and heart disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of tongue lesions related to degenerative diseases in the elderly at Ketabang Public Health Center, Surabaya City, East Java. This is an observational descriptive study with a cross-sectional design. Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed by the general dentist and oral medicine specialist in elderly patients coming to Ketabang Public Health Center between January and March 2020. During this period, there were 85 elderly patients with degenerative diseases and prevalence of tongue lesions, namely fissured tongue (77.6%), coated tongue (67.1%), crenated tongue (32.9%), atrophic glossitis (29.4%), lingual varices (12.9%), and oral melanotic macule (1.1%). Fissured tongue is the most common tongue lesion found in 77% elderly patients with degenerative diseases. Fissured tongue often develops with age and in patients with hyposalivation related to diabetes mellitus and anti-hypertension drugs. Clinical article (J Int Dent Med Res 2021; 14(4): 1569-1572) Keywords: Oral medicine, geriatric dentistry, tongue, mouth diseases, human and health. Received date: 01 July 2021 Accept date: 26 October 202

The effectiveness of essential oil from Citrus limon peel on Candida albicans biofilm formation: An experimental in vivo study

Objectives: Candida albicans is resistant to commercial antifungal agents. Therefore, it is desirable to use material derived from natural sources as an antifungal agent. Essential oil from Citrus limon peel is able to inhibit the growth of C. albicans in vitro. The purpose of this study was to determine the most effective concentration of essential oil from C. limon peel with regards to the inhibition of C. albicans cyto-morphometric changes and biofilm formation in vivo. Methods: Male Wistar rats weighing 200e300 g were inoculated with C. albicans for 48 h and then given a single dose of oral methylprednisolone as an immunosuppressant. Essential oil from C. limon peel, in a gel form and at three different concentrations (0.39%, 0.78% and 1.56%), was applied twice a day for 2 days. The rats were killed after 48 h and then palatal mucosa tissues were prepared and examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with regards to C. albicans, cytomorphometric changes and biofilm formation. Results: Essential oil from C. limon peel at a concentration of 1.56% showed the strongest ability to inhibit C. albicans growth when compared to 0.78% and 0.39%. At a concentration of 1.56%, essential oil from C. limon peel disrupted cyto-morphometric changes; cells that were neither in intact nor colonised were evident, the filaments around the cells were smooth, the layer of biofilm had disappeared and there was no evidence of hyphae formation. Conclusion: The effect of essential oil from C. limon peel on cyto-morphometric changes and biofilm formation was concentration-dependent. Essential oil from C. limon peel at a dose of 1.56% showed the strongest ability to inhibit cyto-morphometric changes and biofilm formation. These findings demonstrate that essential oil of C. limon peel is a potential antifungal candidate for the treatment of candidiasis

Prevalence of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Geriatric Patients in Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital

Background. Population aged 60 years old and above are growing in number; a fact that will have an impact on general and oral health in the future. Oral health is often overlooked in the management of geriatric patients but it is vital to have a knowledged-based practice in order to increase the quality of life of elderly patients. Objective. The purpose of this study is to determine the number and types of oral mucosal lesions in geriatric patients who come to the Universitas Airlangga Dental Hospital. Methods. This is an observational descriptive study with cross-sectional design. Intraoral soft tissue examination was performed on geriatric patients coming to the hospital between March and December 2018. Results. One hundred twenty-four (124) new geriatric patients came to the hospital. A total of 152 oral lesions from 63 geriatric patients (50.81%) were identified. Overall, coated tongue (55.56%) was the most frequently detected lesion, followed by linea alba buccalis (31.74%) and lingual varicosities (26.98%). Conclusion. Coated tongue or white tongue is the most frequently detected oral mucosal lesion, often caused by poor oral hygiene. The dentist should be able to recognize and differentiate them from the worrisome lesions and decide on the appropriate treatment in geriatric patients

Nerve growth factor and S100B: Molecular marker of neuroregeneration after injection of freeze-Dried platelet rich plasma

Introduction: Chronic orofacial pain is associated with nerve tissues damage. Pharmacological therapy has limited therapeutic results because it is generally only symptomatic treatment. Neuroregeneration is a process which is needed to repair damaged of nerve tissue through healing or regrowth of nerve tissue. The survival of nerve cells need neurotrophic factors including Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and S100B. High platelet concentrations in Platelet Rich Plasma contain of many trophic factors which play an important role in peripheral nerve regeneration following nerve injury. The aim of the present study is to analyze the increased expression of NGF and S100B following injection of Freeze-Dried Platelet Rich Plasma (FD-PRP) on axonotmesis injury. Methods: Fifty-four male wistar rats aged 3 months randomly divided into 3 groups; negative control group (without nerve injury and without FD-PRP injection), positive control group (nerve injury but without FD-PRP injection) and treatment group (nerve injury and FD-PRP injection). Axonotmesis nerve injury created by clamping the infraorbital nerve for 15 s. Application of FD-PRP by injection technique. Examination of NGF and S100B expression was obtained by immunohistochemistry examination with monoclonal antibodies (anti-NGF and anti-S100B). Samples were taken on the 14th day and 21st day. Results: Treatment group showed significant increase on both NGF and S100B compare to positive control (p = 0,000 and p = 0,000, respectively). Conclusion: FD-PRP injection is effective in inducing neuroregeneration by increasing NGF and S100B expression

Psychological Stress Induced Xerostomia and Hyposalivation: The Case Study in Indonesian Female Patient

Xerostomia is a subjective complaint of dry mouth associated with objectively measured hyposalivation. The Chronic xerostomia significantly increasing the oral diseases incident that may negatively affect quality of life. 66-years-old female patient came with chief complaint of dry mouth, burning mouth sensation, difficult to swallow, speech and halitosis for one year. Patient had a menopause history and admitted in stress condition. Intra-oral examination showed foamy unclear with thick and sticky saliva consistency. A minor single ulcer 2 mm in sinistra vestibulum with a necrotic and erythema area was found. Diagnose of xerostomia and hyposalivation detected by means of Unstimulated Saliva Flowrate (USF) examined using Sialometry ( n=9), Anxiety Moderate (12> n=7), Stress Moderate (18> n=9). The patient was prescribed with Chlorine Dioxide Lemon Mint oral rinse as an antiseptic, anti-halitosis, anti-inflammation and saliva secretion stimulator. Moreover, the patient was instructed to drink water daily, use the mouthwash regularly, increase the oral hygiene and manage the stress condition. Initial evaluation of patients with xerostomia should include a detailed health history to facilitate early detection and identify underlying cause. Thus, it can relieve xerostomia that can improve the patient’s quality of life. Case report (J Int Dent Med Res 2019; 12(1): 216-219) Keywords: Xerostomia, Hyposalivation, Psychological stress, dry mouth, Quality of Life. Received date: 02 June 2018 Accept date: 12 August 201