Weak Energy: Form and Function

The equation of motion for a time-independent weak value of a quantum mechanical observable contains a complex valued energy factor - the weak energy of evolution. This quantity is defined by the dynamics of the pre-selected and post-selected states which specify the observable's weak value. It is shown that this energy: (i) is manifested as dynamical and geometric phases that govern the evolution of the weak value during the measurement process; (ii) satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equations when expressed in terms of Pancharatnam (P) phase and Fubini-Study (FS) metric distance; (iii) provides for a PFS stationary action principle for quantum state evolution; (iv) time translates correlation amplitudes; (v) generalizes the temporal persistence of state normalization; and (vi) obeys a time-energy uncertainty relation. A similar complex valued quantity - the pointed weak energy of an evolving state - is also defined and several of its properties in PFS-coordinates are discussed. It is shown that the imaginary part of the pointed weak energy governs the state's survival probability and its real part is - to within a sign - the Mukunda-Simon geometric phase for arbitrary evolutions or the Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase for cyclic evolutions. Pointed weak energy gauge transformations and the PFS 1-form are discussed and the relationship between the PFS 1-form and the AA connection 1-form is established.Comment: To appear in "Quantum Theory: A Two-Time Success Story"; Yakir Aharonov Festschrif

Analyzing Cost Effectiveness of Photovoltaic Pavements

The United States Air Force (USAF) is the largest consumer of energy within the Department of Defense (DoD). As such, the USAF is continually looking for ways to reduce consumption, as well improving network resiliency and assuring supply. One potential method for addressing these items is focusing on applications of renewable energy. A specific application of renewable energy that could greatly benefit the USAF if viable would be photovoltaic (PV) pavements. PV pavements would be able to capitalize upon the large swathes of pavements on Air Force (AF) installations, while not being hampered by other concerns such as clear zones for aircraft. One way to evaluate viability of a technology is through analyzing cost-effectiveness. While initial efforts were not directly focused on cost-effectiveness, the information gathered helped pave the way for such an analysis. Specifically, previous researchers at the Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) designed and implemented an experimental system for collecting performance data on horizontally oriented PV panels. Data was collected from 38 sites worldwide for a time period of up to one year. Five installations were then selected from the 38 original sites to utilize in determining cost-effectiveness. As part of evaluating cost-effectiveness, average power generation values were determined from the data. This information, along with pavement construction costs, helped form the basis of developing a model to evaluate life cycle costs for PV pavements. The model was then applied to each installation a total of 60 times to evaluate individual effectiveness. At the worst-case cost of construction for PV pavements, $460/SM, none of the installations evaluated would be able to consider installation PV pavements a viable alternative to traditional asphalt pavements

On The Meaning Of Pinturicchio'S Sala Dei Santi

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/102190/1/ahis00047.pd

Prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 6q25.3-qter and monosomy 10q26.12-qter by array CGH in a fetus with an apparently normal karyotype.

We present the prenatal case of a 12.5-Mb duplication involving 6q25-qter and a 12.2-Mb deletion encompassing 10q26-qter diagnosed by aCGH, while conventional karyotype showed normal results. The genotype-phenotype correlation between individual microarray and clinical findings adds to the emerging atlas of chromosomal abnormalities associated with specific prenatal ultrasound abnormalities

Transport phenomenology for a holon-spinon fluid

We propose that the normal-state transport in the cuprate superconductors can be understood in terms of a two-fluid model of spinons and holons. In our scenario, the resistivity is determined by the properties of the holons while magnetotransport involves the recombination of holons and spinons to form physical electrons. Our model implies that the Hall transport time is a measure of the electron lifetime, which is shorter than the longitudinal transport time. This agrees with our analysis of the normal-state data. We predict a strong increase in linewidth with increasing temperature in photoemission. Our model also suggests that the AC Hall effect is controlled by the transport time.Comment: 4 pages, 1 postscript figure. Uses RevTeX, epsf, multico

Wired warfare 3.0: protecting the civilian population during cyber operations

As a general matter, international humanitarian law is up to the task of providing the legal framework for cyber operations during an armed conflict. However, two debates persist in this regard, the resolution of which will determine the precise degree of protection the civilian population will enjoy during cyber operations. The first revolves around the meaning of the term “attack” in various conduct of hostilities rules, while the second addresses the issue of whether data may be considered an object such that operations destroying or altering it are subject to the prohibition on attacking civilian objects and that such effects need be considered when considering proportionality and the taking of precautions in attack. Even if these debates were to be resolved, the civilian population would still face risks from the unique capabilities of cyber operations. This article proposes two policies which parties to a conflict should consider adopting in order to ameliorate such risks. They are both based on the premise that military operations must reflect a balance between military concerns and the interest of States in prevailing in the conflict

Two-dimensional simulation of pellet ablation with atomic processes

A two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulation code CAP has been developed in order to investigate the dynamics of hydrogenic pellet ablation in magnetized plasmas throughout their temporal evolution. One of the properties of the code is that it treats the solid-to-gas phase change at the pellet surface without imposing artificial boundary conditions there, as done in previous ablation models. The simulation includes multispecies atomic processes, mainly molecular dissociation and thermal ionization in the ablation flow beyond the pellet, with a kinetic heat flux model. It was found that ionization causes the formation of a quasistationary shock front in the supersonic region of the ablation flow, followed by a "second" sonic surface farther out. Anisotropic heating, due to the directionality of the magnetic field, contributes to a nonuniform ablation (recoil) pressure distribution over the pellet surface. Since the shear stress can exceed the yield strength of the solid for a sufficiently high heat flux, the solid pellet can be fluidized and flattened into a "pancake" shape while the pellet is ablating and losing mass. The effect of pellet deformation can shorten the pellet lifetime almost 3× from that assuming the pellet remains rigid and stationary during ablation