National Language Beyond Nation-States: Vernacular Literary Language in Yi Kwang-su

The influence of Chinese and Japanese language and literature on Korea has been significant. The influence of Western notions of the modern nation-state in East Asia has also been significant. All of these influences collided in Korea. Through translation, the foreign is made comprehensible, but it is also changed and may be misunderstood. Through the process of translation, the influence of one language upon another is often underestimated, misappropriated, or hidden. The best literature attempts to reveal and transcend these hidden or unconscious dimensions. The importance of understanding the process by which such underlying influences impact culture, especially as forms of resistance and as asserting one\u27s unique identity, may also, unfortunately, be underappreciated. Languages compete when put into the service of nation building. Writers such as Yi Kwang-su (1892-1950) tried to negotiate, resist, and make sense of this new and highly competitive landscape. The collision between multiple national languages may cause an exclusive nationalism. However, if we can hypothesize that the resistance of a national language is not directed to the (language of) outside but rather to all kinds of homogenized (language) space, we can consider that a national language applies the power of resistance to that homogenized space which is based on nationalism. This kind of literary resistance, which can also be named self-negation, is primarily related to the capacity to allow the Other to exist within oneself. This is the process in which the particularity formed through its resistance to a universality forms another universality: namely, the process of appropriating universalities. Literary language is generated and flourishes in the process of such de-homogenization. Literature, by means of deconstructing the oppression of a universality, receives the Other as a force for reconstructing what yet may become another universality, thus building up a field where multiple universalities are contested. In Yi Kwang-su\u27s bilingual way of writing, I will try to trace an example of the literature that built up such fields beyond both ideas of Korean and modern

Controlled open-cell two-dimensional liquid foam generation for micro- and nanoscale patterning of materials

Liquid foam consists of liquid film networks. The films can be thinned to the nanoscale via evaporation and have potential in bottom-up material structuring applications. However, their use has been limited due to their dynamic fluidity, complex topological changes, and physical characteristics of the closed system. Here, we present a simple and versatile microfluidic approach for controlling two-dimensional liquid foam, designing not only evaporative microholes for directed drainage to generate desired film networks without topological changes for the first time, but also microposts to pin the generated films at set positions. Patterning materials in liquid is achievable using the thin films as nanoscale molds, which has additional potential through repeatable patterning on a substrate and combination with a lithographic technique. By enabling direct-writable multi-integrated patterning of various heterogeneous materials in two-dimensional or three-dimensional networked nanostructures, this technique provides novel means of nanofabrication superior to both lithographic and bottom-up state-of-the-art techniques

Removal of Total Dissolved Solids from Reverse Osmosis Concentrates from a Municipal Wastewater Reclamation Plant by Aerobic Granular Sludge

Reverse osmosis (RO) has been widely utilized in water reclamation plants and produces a concentrated brine (or reject) stream as a by-product. RO concentrates (ROC) contain vast quantities of salts and dissolved organic matter, such as biomass and humic-like substances, which hinder biological wastewater treatment (such as biological nitrogen removal). In this study, we cultivated granular sludge in an aerobic sequencing batch reactor to treat municipal wastewater with an organic loading rate of 2.1–4.3 kgCOD/m3 day at room temperature (25 °C), and remove total dissolved solids (TDS) from ROC by biosorption, with aerobic granular sludge as a novel biosorbent. The results of the kinetic experiments demonstrated that TDS removal by aerobic granular sludge was more rapid than that by other coagulants and adsorbents (i.e., calcium hydroxide, polyaluminum chloride, activated sludge, powdered activated carbon, granular activated carbon, and zeolite) under optimal treatment conditions. The biosorption of TDS on the aerobic granular sludge was well-modeled by the Lagergren first-order model, with a maximum biosorption capacity of 1698 mg/g. Thus, aerobic granular sludge could be effective as a regenerable biosorbent for removing the TDS in ROC from municipal wastewater

Electrochemical Dilatometry Study on Si-Embedded Carbon Nanotube Powder Electrodes

Si-embedded carbon nanotube (Si–C/NT) powders were prepared by dispersing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and Si in the tetrahydrofuran solution containing poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) as a dispersion agent, and then carbonizing the PVC. A better cycle performance was observed with the Si–C/NT containing larger void volume. The origin of this feature was addressed by an electrochemical dilatometry study, where it was found that the electrode swelling becomes less significant when the Si–C/NT possesses a larger void space. It is believed that the void space plays a buffering role against the volume expansion of Si, alleviating the breakdown of electrode integrity.This work was supported by KOSEF via the Research Center for Energy Conversion and Storage, and by the Division of Advanced Batteries in the NGE Program (project no. 10016439). We are grateful to Dr. M. Hahn (Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland) for his assistance in fabricating the electrochemical dilatometer

Solid-State NMR and Electrochemical Dilatometry Study on Li+ Uptake/Extraction Mechanism in SiO Electrode

This work reports the Li+ uptake/extraction mechanism in silicon monoxide (SiO) as the negative electrode in lithium secondary batteries. A combined study of solid-state 29Si- and 7Li-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electrochemical dilatometry, and charge-discharge cycling consistently demonstrates that the SiO2 domain in SiO irreversibly reacts with Li+ to produce lithium silicates and Li2O in the first discharging period, whereas the elemental Si domain reversibly reacts, delivering the same chargedischarge characteristics to those of conventional amorphous Si electrodes. The volume expansion accompanied by the irreversible reaction is less significant than that caused by the lithiation of Si domain. The postmortem analysis made on cycled electrodes reveals a phase segregation between the lithium silicates/Li2O and lithiated Si phase. It is likely that the lithium silicates/Li2O phase plays a buffering role against the volume change of Si matrix, but the crack formation at the phase boundaries and eventual pulverization are still a problem to be solved.This work was supported by KOSEF via the Research Center for Energy Conversion and Storage. We are grateful to the Daegu Center at the Korea Basic Science Institute for helpful discussions and NMR measurements. We also acknowledge Dr. R. Kötz and Dr. P. Novak (Paul Scherrer Institute, Switzerland) for their assistance in fabricating the electrochemical dilatometer

Investigation Methodology of a Virtual Desktop Infrastructure for IoT

Cloud computing for IoT (Internet of Things) has exhibited the greatest growth in the IT market in the recent past and this trend is expected to continue. Many companies are adopting a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) for private cloud computing to reduce costs and enhance the efficiency of their servers. As a VDI is widely used, threats of cyber terror and invasion are also increasing. To minimize the damage, response procedure for cyber intrusion on a VDI should be systematized. Therefore, we propose an investigation methodology for VDI solutions in this paper. Here we focus on a virtual desktop infrastructure and introduce various desktop virtualization solutions that are widely used, such as VMware, Citrix, and Microsoft. In addition, we verify the integrity of the data acquired in order that the result of our proposed methodology is acceptable as evidence in a court of law. During the experiment, we observed an error: one of the commonly used digital forensic tools failed to mount a dynamically allocated virtual disk properly

The Effects of Robot Voices and Appearances on Users\u27 Emotion Recognition and Subjective Perception

As the influence of social robots in people\u27s daily lives grows, research on understanding people\u27s perception of robots including sociability, trust, acceptance, and preference becomes more pervasive. Research has considered visual, vocal, or tactile cues to express robots\u27 emotions, whereas little research has provided a holistic view in examining the interactions among different factors influencing emotion perception. We investigated multiple facets of user perception on robots during a conversational task by varying the robots\u27 voice types, appearances, and emotions. In our experiment, 20 participants interacted with two robots having four different voice types. While participants were reading fairy tales to the robot, the robot gave vocal feedback with seven emotions and the participants evaluated the robot\u27s profiles through post surveys. The results indicate that (1) the accuracy of emotion perception differed depending on presented emotions, (2) a regular human voice showed higher user preferences and naturalness, (3) but a characterized voice was more appropriate for expressing emotions with significantly higher accuracy in emotion perception, and (4) participants showed significantly higher emotion recognition accuracy with the animal robot than the humanoid robot. A follow-up study (N=10) with voice-only conditions confirmed that the importance of embodiment. The results from this study could provide the guidelines needed to design social robots that consider emotional aspects in conversations between robots and users