1,358 research outputs found
Effect of vessel wettability on the foamability of "ideal" surfactants and "real-world" beer heads
The ability to tailor the foaming properties of a solution by controlling its chemical composition is highly desirable and has been the subject of extensive research driven by a range of applications. However, the control of foams by varying the wettability of the foaming vessel has been less widely reported. This work investigates the effect of the wettability of the side walls of vessels used for the in situ generation of foam by shaking aqueous solutions of three different types of model surfactant systems (non-ionic, anionic and cationic surfactants) along with four different beers (Guinness Original, Banks’s Bitter, Bass No 1 and Harvest Pale). We found that hydrophilic vials increased the foamability only for the three model systems but increased foam stability for all foams except the model cationic system. We then compared stability of beer foams produced by shaking and pouring and demonstrated weak qualitative agreement between both foam methods. We also showed how wettability of the glass controls bubble nucleation for beers and champagne and used this effect to control exactly where bubbles form using simple wettability patterns
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Individuals With Scleroderma May Have Increased Risk of Sleep-Disordered Breathing.
STUDY OBJECTIVES:Scleroderma is associated with abnormal skin thickening, interstitial lung disease, pulmonary hypertension, and abnormalities of the upper airway. These changes can cause cardiopulmonary complications, potentially including sleep-disordered breathing. The objective of this study is to examine the risk of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with scleroderma. METHODS:We retrospectively identified patients with documented scleroderma. We abstracted data from their electronic health records, including findings from antibody tests, serial pulmonary function tests, transthoracic echocardiography, high-resolution computed tomography, and overnight forehead oximetry. RESULTS:We identified 171 patients with scleroderma. Mean age at the time of initial consult was 56.5 years (range, 18-96 years), and 150 (86.7%) were women. Scleroderma was categorized as limited disease for 108 (62.4%), diffuse disease for 59 (34.1%), and mixed connective tissue disease for 6 (3.5%). Fifty-four patients (31.2%) had abnormal overnight forehead oximetry results, defined as an oxygen desaturation index greater than 5 or a baseline mean arterial oxygen saturation level less than 90%. CONCLUSIONS:Cardiopulmonary complications are common in patients with scleroderma, one of which may be sleep-disordered breathing. In our cohort, approximately one-third of individuals with scleroderma had evidence of sleep-disordered breathing. Moreover, the rate of sleep-disordered breathing in our population of scleroderma patients was twice the rate of pulmonary hypertension and was approximately the same as the rate of interstitial lung disease. Future prospective studies are needed to further assess the role of sleep-disordered breathing in scleroderma clinical outcomes
Finite temperature phase diagram of a polarised Fermi condensate
The two-component Fermi gas is the simplest fermion system displaying
superfluidity, and as such finds applications ranging from the theory of
superconductivity to QCD. Ultracold atomic gases provide an exceptionally clean
realization of this system, where the interatomic interaction and the atom
species population are both independent, tuneable parameters. This allows one
to investigate the Fermi gas with imbalanced spin populations, which had
previously been experimentally elusive, and this prospect has stimulated much
theoretical activity. Here we show that the finite temperature phase diagram
contains a region of phase separation between the superfluid and normal states
that touches the boundary of second-order superfluid transitions at a
tricritical point, reminiscent of the phase diagram of He-He mixtures.
A variation of interaction strength then results in a line of tricritical
points that terminates at zero temperature on the molecular Bose-Einstein
condensate (BEC) side. On this basis, we argue that tricritical points will
play an important role in the recent experiments on polarised atomic Fermi
gases.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures. Manuscript extended and figures modified. For
final version, see Nature Physic
Ultra-cold Polarized Fermi Gases
Recent experiments with ultra-cold atoms have demonstrated the possibility of
realizing experimentally fermionic superfluids with imbalanced spin
populations. We discuss how these developments have shed a new light on a half-
century old open problem in condensed matter physics, and raised new
interrogations of their own.Comment: 27 pages; 8 figures; Published in Report in Rep. Prog. Phys. 73
112401 (2010
Effect of Stretch Orientation and Rolling Orientation on the Mechanical Properties of 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy
Sheets of 2195 aluminum-lithium alloy were solution-treated at 507 A degrees C for 30 min. One set was stretched to 3-5% in the 0A degrees, 45A degrees, and 90A degrees angle with respect to the original rolling direction. Two other sets were rolled 6% reduction in thickness and 24% reduction in thickness in the 0A degrees, 45A degrees, and 90A degrees angle with respect to the original rolling direction. All specimens were aged at 143 A degrees C for 36 h. A second group of samples was rolled at 24 and 50% reduction in thickness after a solution treatment of 507 A degrees C for 1 h prior to aging at 190 A degrees C for 24 h. Tensile specimens were machined from each sheet at 0A degrees, 45A degrees, and 90A degrees angles to the original grain orientation. Tensile testing was used to determine the mechanical properties and anisotropic behavior of each condition. Rolling 6% reduction in thickness in the 45A degrees orientation yielded anisotropy of 7.6% in the yield strength
Theory of ultracold Fermi gases
The physics of quantum degenerate Fermi gases in uniform as well as in
harmonically trapped configurations is reviewed from a theoretical perspective.
Emphasis is given to the effect of interactions which play a crucial role,
bringing the gas into a superfluid phase at low temperature. In these dilute
systems interactions are characterized by a single parameter, the s-wave
scattering length, whose value can be tuned using an external magnetic field
near a Feshbach resonance. The BCS limit of ordinary Fermi superfluidity, the
Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) of dimers and the unitary limit of large
scattering length are important regimes exhibited by interacting Fermi gases.
In particular the BEC and the unitary regimes are characterized by a high value
of the superfluid critical temperature, of the order of the Fermi temperature.
Different physical properties are discussed, including the density profiles and
the energy of the ground-state configurations, the momentum distribution, the
fraction of condensed pairs, collective oscillations and pair breaking effects,
the expansion of the gas, the main thermodynamic properties, the behavior in
the presence of optical lattices and the signatures of superfluidity, such as
the existence of quantized vortices, the quenching of the moment of inertia and
the consequences of spin polarization. Various theoretical approaches are
considered, ranging from the mean-field description of the BCS-BEC crossover to
non-perturbative methods based on quantum Monte Carlo techniques. A major goal
of the review is to compare the theoretical predictions with the available
experimental results.Comment: Revised and abridged version accepted for publication in Rev. Mod.
Phys.: 63 pages, 36 figure
Repulsive polarons in two-dimensional Fermi gases
We consider a single spin-down impurity atom interacting via an attractive,
short-range potential with a spin-up Fermi sea in two dimensions (2D).
Similarly to 3D, we show how the impurity can form a metastable state (the
"repulsive polaron") with energy greater than that of the non-interacting
impurity. Moreover, we find that the repulsive polaron can acquire a finite
momentum for sufficiently weak attractive interactions. Even though the energy
of the repulsive polaron can become sizeable, we argue that saturated
ferromagnetism is unfavorable in 2D because of the polaron's finite lifetime
and small quasiparticle weight.Comment: 6 pages, 3 figure
Direct measurement of polariton-polariton interaction strength in the Thomas-Fermi regime of exciton-polariton condensation
Bosonic condensates of exciton polaritons (light-matter quasiparticles in a
semiconductor) provide a solid-state platform for studies of non-equilibrium
quantum systems with a spontaneous macroscopic coherence. These driven,
dissipative condensates typically coexist and interact with an incoherent
reservoir, which undermines measurements of key parameters of the condensate.
Here, we overcome this limitation by creating a high-density exciton-polariton
condensate in an optically-induced "box" trap. In this so-called Thomas-Fermi
regime, the condensate is fully separated from the reservoir and its behaviour
is dominated by interparticle interactions. We use this regime to directly
measure the polariton-polariton interaction strength, and reduce the existing
uncertainty in its value from four orders of magnitude to within three times
the theoretical prediction. The Thomas-Fermi regime has previously been
demonstrated only in ultracold atomic gases in thermal equilibrium. In a
non-equilibrium exciton-polariton system, this regime offers a novel
opportunity to study interaction-driven effects unmasked by an incoherent
reservoir.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure
Uncanny Objects and the Fear of the Familiar:Hiding from Akan Witches in New York City
This article examines the cosmology and secret practices of West African traditional priests in New York City in preventing the spread of witchcraft, an evil invisible spirit transmitted between female members of the Akan matrilineage. Explored is an uncanny dynamic as everyday habitus becomes increasingly strange in the world of a young Ghanaian woman in the Bronx, who has become petrified of insinuations of witchcraft from close family members. In trying to hide the young woman from infection by her fellow witches, Akan priests attempt to ‘capture’ her habits and everyday routines, calling upon the iconic magic of New York City in order to ‘misplace’ familiarity within the anonymity of Manhattan. In this process, the transmission of the witch’s spirit to the intended victim is disturbed as the victim’s life and things are moved. Nowhere to be found, the witch shifts her attention to other victims
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