Comparative ontogenetic survey of the essential oil composition in Origanum vulgare L., and Origanum majorana L

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influences of the different harvest stages on the value and components of the essential oil (EO) of wild oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and European marjoram (Origanum majorana L.). Two species were collected during five stages of vegetative and reproductive growth period with four replications. The content of EO in the dried aerial parts was determined by hydro-distillation of herbs, and its constituents determined by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The analysis showed that the amount of EO in O. majorana was more than O. vulgare. The highest EO content for both species were obtained in the full flowering stage. 78 and 39 components were identified in the EO of O. vulgare and O. majorana, respectively. The main components were germacrene D, (trans)caryophyllene, terpinene-4-ol, and a-terpinene in the EO of O. vulgare, and terpinene-4-ol, y-terpinene, a-terpinene, and a-terpineol in the EO of O. majorana. In general, sesquiterpene compounds had maximum amounts in the EO of O. vulgare in five stages of growth, especially in the beginning of flowering stage. In contrast, monoterpene compounds had maximum value in the EO of O. majorana in the full flowering stage

The effect of climate on water content, dormancy and dehydrins expression pattern in pistachio seeds

The environmental conditions which the parent plant has undergone during seed development can affect many properties of the seeds such as degree of dormancy, weight and the amount of their compounds. In this study, mature pistachio seeds of Ahmadaghaei cultivar, collected from the two cities of Rafsanjan and Shahrbabak located in Kerman Province (Iran), were compared. It was found that the seeds collected from Shahrbabak being a cooler and wetter region had a longer dormancy, although the water content of the two seed series were similar. Dehydrin proteins generally play a role in protecting plant cells against dehydration stress. Dehydrin contents of the cotyledons and embryonic axes of the two seed series were compared by western blot method using an antibody against the conserved K segment in dehydrin proteins. It was found that the cotyledons had five dehydrin versions with molecular weights of 23, 25, 32, 39 and 48 kDa, the expression of which not being influenced by environmental factors. It was found that the embryonic axes had seven other versions of dehydrin with weights of 17, 19, 20, 28, 67, 77 and 98 kDa in addition to those five versions. This shows higher protection of embryonic axes compared with the cotyledons. The 25 and 28 kDa versions had higher expression levels in embryonic axes of Shahrbabak seeds, while the 39 kDa version had a higher expression level in embryonic axes of Rafsanjan seeds

STUDY OF ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE ORGANS, FLORAL MERISTEM AND POLLEN DEVELOPMENT IN SESAME

ABSTRACT: Sesame (sesamum indicum L.) is recognized as the oldest oilseed and belongs to the Pedaliaceae family. It is cultivated in tropical and temperate regions. In order to study anatomical and developmental process, the samples were collected from Babol in summer of 2014. The vegetative organs were fixed in alcohol-glycerin. Likewise, collected flowers and meristems were fixed in F.A.A and then the slides were prepared for staining and microscopic studies. The vegetative organs present dicotyledonous-type structure. The microsporogenesis in sesame presents perfect flowers, tetrasporangiate anthers, tetrahedral tetrads arrangement and secretory tapetum. This report is a contribution to consider sesame pollen ontogeny in Pedaliacea family

Investigation the structure of vegetative organs and development of reproductive organs of Pimpinella anisum L.

Pimpinella anisum L. belongs to Apiaceae family. The samples of vegetative and reproductive organs at different stages of development were gathered and investigated by cell-histology methods. The investigation of the anatomical structure of vegetative organs showed that the secretory ducts are arranged between the parenchymal tissues of the leaf. Section of flower buds revealed that anthers had 4 pollen sacs, the division of pollen mother cell was of the simultaneous type, microspore tetrads were of tetragonal type and the tapetum layer was secretory. The study of the ultrastructure of pollen grains with SEM showed that they had 3 pores. The ovary was found to be two-chambered and two-carpeled the ovule to be anatropous and to have one membrane. In embryogenic investigation it was found that the embryos were globular, cotyledonary and torpedo-shaped and the transition between globular embryos to cordate embryos was found. The vegetative organs were observed to have the general structure of dicotyledons. The development patterns of ovule and embryo sac follow the Polygonum type. Tetrahedral microspore tetrads were observed. The ultrastructure of pollens was found to be similar to those of Smyrnium, a genus of Apiaceae family. All stages of embryogenesis were covered in this study

MERISTEM STRUCTURE, DEVELOPMENT OF CONES AND MICROSPOROGENESIS OF TEHRAN PINE (PINUS ELDARICA Medw.)

Tehran pine (Pinus eldarica Medw.) belongs to Pinaceae family with significant economic and ecological benefits. To gain further insight into anatomical-developmental structure of P. eldarica, both the vegetative and generative meristematic tissues and microsporogenesis were been studied during certain stages of development. To do this, meristematic tissues and male cones were initially fixed in FAA solution (37% formaldehyde, 96% ethanol and glacial acetic acid with a 2:7:1 ratio, respectively). They were then embedded in paraffin and sectioned using a rotary microtome. Prior to visualization and photography under a camera-equipped light microscope, they were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (Zeiss model). Our results revealed the vegetative meristem of P. eldarica to be in the Cryptomerya-Abies category. The results also indicated it is a protuberant (dome-like) type containing four regions. The meiosis occurs before the winter dormancy and continues through the winter. The pollen is shed at the four-cell stage of development

cDNA cloning, Phylogenic Analysis and Gene Expression Pattern of Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)

The aim of the present study was to clone and characterize a full length cDNA of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (SoPAL). Differential tissue expression pattern of the SoPAL transcript and its enzyme activity was also analyzed during the tillering stage of growth. The full-length of SoPAL cDNA was 2118 bp long and contained a protein with 706 amino acids, determined by encoding technique. The amino acid sequence and phylogenic analysis of the cloned SoPAL showed high similarity to PAL from other monocotyledonous such as sorghum (96%), maize (93%) and Bamboos (87.12%). The highest levels of SoPAL transcript were observed in the root and stem, while its minimal gene expression levels were in the leaves and sheath, respectively. The highest level of SoPAL enzyme activity was in the leaves. These results helped to understanding the characteristics of PAL biosynthesis and its regulation at the molecular level in sugarcane. This information could be critical for the manipulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in the plant using biotechnological processes

International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences Reduction of negative effects of cefotaxime in tomato transformation by using FeEDDHA

ABSTRACT: Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the most important vegetable crops and a genetic model for improving other dicotyledonous crop plants. Agrobacterium mediated gene transformation method is considered as an effective method for transferring foreign genes into plants. cefotaxime, commonly used for elimination of Agrobacterium tumefaciens during plant transformation. In high concentrations of cefotaxime, a decrease in regeneration, reducing the number of shoots and chlorosis were observed. We examined the effect of FeEDDHA on shoot regeneration from cotyledon explants in Falat CH cultivar. When applied during multiplication, FeEDDHA reduced chlorosis, increased the percentage of regeneration and the number of adventitious shoots. Therefore replacement of FeEDTA by FeEDHHA in media reduced the negative effects of cefotaxime