ASSESSMENT OF DIABETES KNOWLEDGE USING DIABETES KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE AMONG PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS

Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder, the effective management of which requires not only medication use but also patient diabetes knowledge foradopting necessary life-style modifications. Those with greater knowledge of diabetes are expected to maintain better glycemic control. Assessmentof the diabetes knowledge using diabetes knowledge questionnaire (DKQ) among Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects and its correlationwith glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the outpatient clinics Department of Endocrinology, OsmaniaHospital. Subjects with T2DM of either gender, between the age of ≥18 years and <85 years, capable of understanding and completing questionnaireswere included. Subject who were not willing to participate and not capable of understanding and completing the questionnaires were excluded.DKQ adapted for South Asian population was used to assess patient's diabetes knowledge. DKQ score was based on 18 point scale with 0.2 and 18points, with ≥9 score were considered as satisfactory score. Associations between DKQ scores and HbA1c and duration of diabetes were measured.80 subjects with T2DM were enrolled in this study. 74 completed study and 6 not completed questionnaires due to various reasons. Mean durationof diabetes 6.5±5.9 years and DKQ score mean was 5.14±2.205. HbA1c levels (n=66) mean was 8.76±1.862. DKQ score did not show significantcorrelation with HbA1c levels but correlated with disease duration. Level of diabetes knowledge among study population was low. Majority of peoplewere illiterate, and level of education was less among study population. Improving diabetes knowledge of people with diabetes might allow achievingbetter glycemic control. Involving a clinical pharmacist with endocrinologist might achieve this objective of improving patient knowledge of diabeteswhen followed longitudinally.Keywords: Questionnaire, collaborative care, diabetes knowledge level, diabetes education, Barrier

Cancer chemopreventive property of Bidens pilosa methanolic extract on two stage in vivo skin carcinogenesis model

The effect of the methanolic extract of whole plant of B. pilosa on drug metabolizing phase I and II enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase and lipid peroxidase, anticarcinogenic potential in dimethylbenzathracene induced forestomach and tetradecanoyl acetate promoted skin papillomagenesis was studied in mice. The hepatic glutathione S-transferase and DT-diaphorase specific activities were elevated above basal level. Bidens pilosa methanolic extract was effective in elevating antioxidant enzyme response by increasing significantly the hepatic glutathione peroxidase, gluatathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase. Reduced glutathione measured as non protein sulphydryl was found to be significantly increased in liver while in extrahepatic organs it was decreased. In the forestomach, kidney and lung, glutathione S-transferase and DT-diaphorase levels were significantly reduced. Chemopreventive response was calculated by the mean number of papillomas /mouse and percentage of tumorbearing mice. There was a significant inhibition of tumor burden in both the tumor model systems studied.Keywords: Bidens pilosa, chemopreventive, DT-diaphorase, glutathione S-transferase, lactate dehydrogenaseEast and Central African Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Vol.14 (2011) 43-5

SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE TO ENHANCE THE SOLUBILITY AND DISSOLUTION OF FEBUXOSTAT AN BCS CLASS II DRUG

Objective: The present study was aimed to enhance the solubility of poorly water-soluble drug (BCS Class II) Febuxostat using water-soluble polymers.Methods: Pre-formulation studies like drug excipient compatibility studies by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopyDifferential scanning calorimetry and determination of saturation solubility of drug individually in various media like distilled water and pH 7.4 phosphate buffer. Solid dispersions of Febuxostat was prepared using Polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) (fusion method) and Polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP K30) (solvent evaporation method) in various ratios like 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 separately. The formulated solid dispersions were evaluated for percentage yield, drug content and in vitro dissolution studies.Results: From the results of pre-formulation studies it was revealed that there was no interaction between drug and excipients and the pure drug was poorly soluble in water. The percentage yield of all formulations was in the range of 54-78 %, and drug content was in the range of 43-78 mg. The solid dispersion containing polyvinylpyrrolidone K 30 in 1:4 ratio showed the highest amount of drug release at the end of 30 min than other formulations.Conclusion: Finally it was concluded that solid dispersion prepared with PVP K-30 in 1:4 ratio by solvent evaporation method was more soluble than by fusion method

Cost Analysis of Antihypertensive Agents in Rural Population: A Prospective Study

Objective: To calculate the direct medical and non-medical cost, indirect non-medical cost of prescription involved in the treatment of hypertension in rural inpatients at tertiary care teaching hospital.Methods: A cross sectional, prospective and patient based cost of illness study was conducted in tertiary care hospital, Chidambaram for 12 mo and 267 new prescriptions was selected for the analysis. The data collected from the prescription included patient's socio-demographics, hypertension stage, drug therapy consumption, anti-hypertensive category and cost of each drug. Drug procurement costs were calculated, by using the TNG medical supply list of the most commonly prescribed drugs, for each drug on a daily and annual basis.Results: Mean patient age were 60.6±10.5 y. 41.9% patients were having prevalence of hypertension at the age of above 60 y, 52.8% were males and 47.2% were females. The mean (systolic/diastolic) blood pressure was 141.8 mmHg (±15.2). Average annual direct medical costs were found to be ₹1,408,082.4, average annual direct non-medical cost was ₹9171.4 and the average annual indirect non-medical costs incurred by productivity loss were ₹10789.2.Conclusions: Direct and indirect non-medical costs have incurred high when compared with the other costs. The annual average total direct (medical and non-medical) costs per patient and total cost of illness were ₹1,417,253.8 and ₹27,993,470.0 respectively.Keywords: Cost-of-illness, Hypertension, Therapy consumption, Direct medical and non-medical cost, Indirect non-medical cost and morbidity cos

Impact of medication and psychological behaviour assessment by community pharmacists in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients after hospital stay

Drug related problem (DRPs) is a key factor which will affect the outcome of therapy and safety. The aim of the present study is to assess the DRPs in T2DM patients and psychological aspects of patients by community pharmacists to observe the rate of DRP. Prospective randomized controlled intervention study involved T2DM patients and conducted in two community pharmacies at Kanpur from January 2012 to December 2012. The assessment of DRPs was based on the PCNE. Changes in HBA1C, LDL, BP, foot examinations, changes medical and medication utilization were studied. Using as control group, received usual care, and interventional group provided, intervened with use of the STG. Researcher provided the knowledge to community pharmacists and patients. Baseline and interventional data were collected at 0,3,6,9 and 12 months. Over 12 month study, participants’ average HBA1C reduced from 8.9% at initial visit to 7.5%. During this time, the eye examination rate was raised from 31% to 48%, and the foot examination rate was raised from 35% to 50%. It may be concluded that the intervention of pharmacists showed very less significant influence on any of the intermediate health outcomes in T2DM.Keywords: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Drug related problems , PCNE classification, Medication review, Psychological behavior

Cancer Chemopreventive Property of Bidens pilosa Methanolic Extract on Two Stage in vivo Skin Carcinogenesis Model

Bidens pilosa (Asteraceae) is widely grown throughout in India. The effects of different doses (200 and 400 mg/kg of body weight) of methanolic extract of the whole plant was on drug metabolizing Phase-I and Phase-II enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, lactate dehydrogenase, and lipid peroxidation in the liver of 7-week-old nude/nude mice wasstudied. In addition, the anticarcinogenic potential of both the plants extract was studied, using the model of DMBA induced forestomach and TPA promoted skin papillomagenesis. Primary findings reveal its potential to induce the Phase-II enzyme activity associated mainly with carcinogen detoxification in liver of mice. The hepatic GST (

A study on diabetes-related self-care plan and its determinants among diabetes patients in a Warangal region, Telangana, India

The prevalence of epidemiological diseases, including diabetes, has continued to increase because of the adaption of Western culture and the lack of self-care activities among patients with diabetes. Therefore, in this cross-sectional study, we aimed to assess self-care plans and determinants among diabetes outpatients in Warangal. We conducted a prospective observational study among diabetes outpatient clinic in Warangal, India over 6 months from October 2019 to March 2020. We used the expanded Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) questionnaire. A P value of less than < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Respondents (mean age, 52.3 (standard deviation (SD), 11.01) years) had an overall SDSCA score of 49.18 ± 3.57 (SD). Mean scores for the diet, physical activity, foot care, medication adherence, and blood sugar testing scales were 12.79 (SD, 1.61), 10.24 (SD, 1.77), 15.67 (SD, 1.5), 5.66 (SD, 1.17), and 4.80 (SD, 0.68), respectively. Patients’ age, education, disease duration and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) levels of <7.5% (P < 0.001)) had significantly higher mean scores for blood sugar testing, diet, physical activity, and adherence (P < 0.001). The employment status is associated with all the domains of Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (P < 0.001). Taken together, our results revealed that patients with diabetes in Warangal had poor self-care planning, highlighting the need for strengthening initiatives that generate awareness regarding diabetes and improving related self-care practices

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic effects of methanol extract of Cleome chelidonii

The methanol extract of Cleome chelidonii whole plant was investigated for its anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities at the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan-induced pedal edema for anti-inflammatory activity; acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate methods to assess antinociceptive activity and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, at dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight after 3 hours treatment with methanol extract of C. chelidonii in carrageenan showed a maximum inhibition of 54.6% (P < 0.05) when compared with standard drug aspirin (10 mg/kg), which showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 60.6% (P < 0.01). The methanol extract possesses significant (P < 0.05) antinociceptive activity in both paradigms. In rats a significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that the methanol extract of entire plant of C. chelidonii possesses anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities. Keywords: Cleome chelidonii, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipyretic. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences Vol. 1 (3) 2007: pp. 223-22