7 research outputs found
Community structure and function of high-temperature chlorophototrophic microbial mats inhabiting diverse geothermal environments
Six phototrophic microbial mat communities from different geothermal springs (YNP) were studied using metagenome sequencing and geochemical analyses. The primary goals of this work were to determine differences in community composition of high-temperature phototrophic mats distributed across the Yellowstone geothermal ecosystem, and to identify metabolic attributes of predominant organisms present in these communities that may correlate with environmental attributes important in niche differentiation. Random shotgun metagenome sequences from six phototrophic communities (average~ 53 Mbp/site) were subjected to multiple taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional analyses. All methods, including G+C content distribution, MEGAN analyses and oligonucleotide frequency-based clustering, provided strong support for the dominant community members present in each site. Cyanobacteria were only observed in non-sulfidic sites; de novo assemblies were obtained for Synechococcus-like populations at Chocolate Pots (CP_7) and Fischerella-like populations at White Creek (WC_6). Chloroflexi-like sequences (esp. Roseiflexus and/or Chloroflexus spp.) were observed in all six samples and contained genes involved in bacteriochlorophyll biosynthesis and the 3-hydroxypropionate carbon fixation pathway. Other major sequence assemblies were obtained for a Chlorobiales population from CP_7 (proposed family Thermochlorobacteriaceae), and an anoxygenic, sulfur-oxidizing Thermochromatium-like (Gamma-proteobacteria) population from Bath Lake Vista Annex (BLVA_20). Additional sequence coverage is necessary to establish more complete assemblies of other novel bacteria in these sites (e.g., Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes); however, current assemblies suggested that several of these organisms play important roles in heterotrophic and fermentative metabolisms. Definitive linkages were established between several of the dominant phylotypes present in these habitats and important functional processes such a
ARMS: A Developing Metadata Standard for Describing Astrobiology Research Products
These presentation slides introduce the Astrobiology Resource Metadata Standard (ARMS), a new metadata standard under development at NASA Ames Research Center, in conjunction with the Astrobiology Habitable Environments Database (AHED) project. The intent of this standard is to enable uniform, internet-based search and discovery of astrobiology 'resources', i.e. virtually any product of astrobiology research, including datasets, physical samples, software, publications, websites, images, video, presentations, etc. The current draft of ARMS defines 16 different metadata properties used to describe a given resource, including routine information such as name, resource type, description, personnel, funding, and related publications. But the true power in ARMS lies in four astrobiology-specific pieces of metadata: field site location enables geospatially-restricted search for resources using placenames or geospatial coordinates; research theme associates resources with one of six broad areas of astrobiological research (as identified in the 2015 NASA Astrobiology Strategy document); astrobiology disciplines captures the set of science disciplines most relevant to creation or use of resources; and finally, astrobiology keywords characterize resources in much in the same summarizing way that journal article keywords describe publications. An initial draft of the ARMS standard is being prepared for circulation to the astrobiology community for feedback and revision
Life Beyond the Solar System: Remotely Detectable Biosignatures
For the first time in human history, we will soon be able to apply to the scientific method to the question "Are We Alone?" The rapid advance of exoplanet discovery, planetary systems science, and telescope technology will soon allow scientists to search for life beyond our Solar System through direct observation of extrasolar planets. This endeavor will occur alongside searches for habitable environments and signs of life within our Solar System. While these searches are thematically related and will inform each other, they will require separate observational techniques. The search for life on exoplanets holds potential through the great diversity of worlds to be explored beyond our Solar System. However, there are also unique challenges related to the relatively limited data this search will obtain on any individual world
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Claimed Detection of PH3 in the Clouds of Venus Is Consistent with Mesospheric SO2
Abstract
The observation of a 266.94 GHz feature in the Venus spectrum has been attributed to phosphine (PH3) in the Venus clouds, suggesting unexpected geological, chemical, or even biological processes. Since both PH3 and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are spectrally active near 266.94 GHz, the contribution to this line from SO2 must be determined before it can be attributed, in whole or part, to PH3. An undetected SO2 reference line, interpreted as an unexpectedly low SO2 abundance, suggested that the 266.94 GHz feature could be attributed primarily to PH3. However, the low SO2 and the inference that PH3 was in the cloud deck posed an apparent contradiction. Here we use a radiative transfer model to analyze the PH3 discovery, and explore the detectability of different vertical distributions of PH3 and SO2. We find that the 266.94 GHz line does not originate in the clouds, but above 80 km in the Venus mesosphere. This level of line formation is inconsistent with chemical modeling that assumes generation of PH3 in the Venus clouds. Given the extremely short chemical lifetime of PH3 in the Venus mesosphere, an implausibly high source flux would be needed to maintain the observed value of 20 ± 10 ppb. We find that typical Venus SO2 vertical distributions and abundances fit the JCMT 266.94 GHz feature, and the resulting SO2 reference line at 267.54 GHz would have remained undetectable in the ALMA data due to line dilution. We conclude that nominal mesospheric SO2 is a more plausible explanation for the JCMT and ALMA data than PH3
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Life Beyond the Solar System: Remotely Detectable Biosignatures
For the first time in human history, we will soon be able to apply the
scientific method to the question "Are We Alone?" The rapid advance of
exoplanet discovery, planetary systems science, and telescope technology will
soon allow scientists to search for life beyond our Solar System through direct
observation of extrasolar planets. This endeavor will occur alongside searches
for habitable environments and signs of life within our Solar System. While the
searches are thematically related and will inform each other, they will require
separate observational techniques. The search for life on exoplanets holds
potential through the great diversity of worlds to be explored beyond our Solar
System. However, there are also unique challenges related to the relatively
limited data this search will obtain on any individual world. This white paper
reviews the scientific community's ability to use data from future telescopes
to search for life on exoplanets. This material summarizes products from the
Exoplanet Biosignatures Workshop Without Walls (EBWWW). The EBWWW was
constituted by a series of online and in person activities, with participation
from the international exoplanet and astrobiology communities, to assess state
of the science and future research needs for the remote detection of life on
planets outside our Solar System
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Community Report from the Biosignatures Standards of Evidence Workshop
The search for life beyond the Earth is the overarching goal of the NASA
Astrobiology Program, and it underpins the science of missions that explore the
environments of Solar System planets and exoplanets. However, the detection of
extraterrestrial life, in our Solar System and beyond, is sufficiently
challenging that it is likely that multiple measurements and approaches,
spanning disciplines and missions, will be needed to make a convincing claim.
Life detection will therefore not be an instantaneous process, and it is
unlikely to be unambiguous-yet it is a high-stakes scientific achievement that
will garner an enormous amount of public interest. Current and upcoming
research efforts and missions aimed at detecting past and extant life could be
supported by a consensus framework to plan for, assess and discuss life
detection claims (c.f. Green et al., 2021). Such a framework could help
increase the robustness of biosignature detection and interpretation, and
improve communication with the scientific community and the public. In response
to this need, and the call to the community to develop a confidence scale for
standards of evidence for biosignature detection (Green et al., 2021), a
community-organized workshop was held on July 19-22, 2021. The meeting was
designed in a fully virtual (flipped) format. Preparatory materials including
readings, instructional videos and activities were made available prior to the
workshop, allowing the workshop schedule to be fully dedicated to active
community discussion and prompted writing sessions. To maximize global
interaction, the discussion components of the workshop were held during
business hours in three different time zones, Asia/Pacific, European and US,
with daily information hand-off between group organizers