2,338 research outputs found
Regulation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase under salt-stress condition in Aspergillus sydowii.
Physiological responses of organisms to particular stresses are well understood in only a few cases (Bachofen, R. 1986 Experientia 42:1179-1182
Interventions for increasing acceptance of local anaesthetic in children and adolescents having dental treatment
BACKGROUND: Delivery of pain-free dentistry is crucial for reducing fear and anxiety, completion of treatment, and increasing acceptance of future dental treatment in children. Local anaesthetic (LA) facilitates this pain-free approach but it remains challenging. A number of interventions to help children cope with delivery of LA have been described, with no consensus on the best method to increase its acceptance. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of methods for acceptance of LA in children and adolescents during dental treatment. SEARCH METHODS: Cochrane Oral Health's Information Specialist searched the Cochrane Oral Health's Trials Register (to 24 May 2019); the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2019 Issue 4) in the Cochrane Library (searched 24 May 2019); MEDLINE Ovid (1946 to 24 of May 2019); Embase Ovid (1980 to 24 May 2019); and Web of Science (1900 to 24 May 2019). The US National Institutes of Health Ongoing Trials Register (ClinicalTrials.gov) and World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were also searched to 24 May 2019. There were no restrictions on language or date of publications. SELECTION CRITERIA: Parallel randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions used to increase acceptance of dental LA in children and adolescents under the age of 18 years. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We performed data extraction and assessment of risk of bias independently and in duplicate. We contacted authors for missing information. We assessed the certainty of the body of evidence using GRADE. MAIN RESULTS: We included 26 trials with 2435 randomised participants aged between 2 and 16 years. Studies were carried out between 2002 and 2019 in dental clinics in the UK, USA, the Netherlands, Iran, India, France, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Mexico, and Korea. Studies included equipment interventions (using several LA delivery devices for injection or audiovisual aids used immediately prior to or during LA delivery or both) and dentist interventions (psychological behaviour interventions delivered in advance of LA (video modelling), or immediately prior to or during delivery of LA or both (hypnosis, counter-stimulation). We judged one study to be at low risk and the rest at high risk of bias. Clinical heterogeneity of the included studies rendered it impossible to pool data into meta-analyses. None of the studies reported on our primary outcome of acceptance of LA. No studies reported on the following secondary outcomes: completion of dental treatment, successful LA/painless treatment, patient satisfaction, parent satisfaction, and adverse events. Audiovisual distraction compared to conventional treatment: the evidence was uncertain for the outcome pain-related behaviour during delivery of LA with a reduction in negative behaviour when 3D video glasses where used in the audiovisual distraction group (risk ratio (RR) 0.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03 to 0.50; 1 trial, 60 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The wand versus conventional treatment: the evidence was uncertain regarding the effect of the wand on pain-related behaviour during delivery of LA. Four studies reported a benefit in using the wand while the remaining studies results suggested no difference between the two methods of delivering LA (six trials, 704 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Counter-stimulation/distraction versus conventional treatment: the evidence was uncertain for the outcome pain experience during delivery of LA with children experiencing less pain when counter-stimulation was used (RR 0.12, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.34; 1 trial, 134 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Hypnosis versus conventional treatment: the evidence was uncertain for the outcome pain experience during delivery of LA with participants in the hypnosis group experiencing less pain (mean difference (MD) -1.79, 95% CI -3.01 to -0.57; 1 trial, 29 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Other comparisons considered included pre-cooling of the injection site, the wand versus Sleeper One, the use of a camouflage syringe, use of an electrical counter-stimulation device, and video modelling acclimatisation, and had a single study each. The findings from these other comparisons were insufficient to draw any affirmative conclusions about their effectiveness, and were considered to be very low-certainty evidence. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We did not find sufficient evidence to draw firm conclusions as to the best interventions to increase acceptance of LA in children due to variation in methodology and nature/timing of outcome measures. We recommend further parallel RCTs, reported in line with the CONSORT Statement. Care should be taken when choosing outcome measures
SegViz: A federated-learning based framework for multi-organ segmentation on heterogeneous data sets with partial annotations
Segmentation is one of the most primary tasks in deep learning for medical
imaging, owing to its multiple downstream clinical applications. However,
generating manual annotations for medical images is time-consuming, requires
high skill, and is an expensive effort, especially for 3D images. One potential
solution is to aggregate knowledge from partially annotated datasets from
multiple groups to collaboratively train global models using Federated
Learning. To this end, we propose SegViz, a federated learning-based framework
to train a segmentation model from distributed non-i.i.d datasets with partial
annotations. The performance of SegViz was compared against training individual
models separately on each dataset as well as centrally aggregating all the
datasets in one place and training a single model. The SegViz framework using
FedBN as the aggregation strategy demonstrated excellent performance on the
external BTCV set with dice scores of 0.93, 0.83, 0.55, and 0.75 for
segmentation of liver, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys, respectively,
significantly () better (except spleen) than the dice scores of 0.87,
0.83, 0.42, and 0.48 for the baseline models. In contrast, the central
aggregation model significantly () performed poorly on the test dataset
with dice scores of 0.65, 0, 0.55, and 0.68. Our results demonstrate the
potential of the SegViz framework to train multi-task models from distributed
datasets with partial labels. All our implementations are open-source and
available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/SegViz-B74
Forensic undergraduate education during and after the COVID-19 imposed lockdown: Strategies and reflections from India and the UK
Patient-reported outcome measure for children and young people with amelogenesis imperfecta
Background: Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a genetic enamel defect that can affect both the primary and permanent dentition. It has a range of clinical phenotypes, and children and young people often present with challenging oral health needs. Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) can identify key patient concerns.
Methods: This was a multi-centre service evaluation across several specialist paediatric dentistry services in the UK. A PROM questionnaire was created with clinician and patient input, through peer review with the national AI Clinical Excellence Network, as well as piloting the PROM with ten children and young people with AI. The final PROM questionnaire was distributed to all patients with AI attending each unit between January and March 2020.
Results: Sixty children and young people (aged 5-17 years) across four specialist units participated, with 72% reporting that they 'often' or 'sometimes' experienced pain or sensitivity and 76% reporting that they 'often' or 'sometimes' felt unhappy with the way their teeth look. Of the patients who were post-treatment, 81% indicated that they were happy with their teeth, compared to just 41% of patients who were mid-treatment and 33% of patients who were pre-treatment.
Conclusion: Children and young people with AI experience a range of issues related to their function and psychosocial wellbeing. This simple PROM demonstrates the range of issues this group of patients face, and could be used to monitor an individual's progress to ensure that treatment is planned to address the patient's individual concerns and needs
ISLE: An Intelligent Streaming Framework for High-Throughput AI Inference in Medical Imaging
As the adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems within the clinical
environment grows, limitations in bandwidth and compute can create
communication bottlenecks when streaming imaging data, leading to delays in
patient care and increased cost. As such, healthcare providers and AI vendors
will require greater computational infrastructure, therefore dramatically
increasing costs. To that end, we developed ISLE, an intelligent streaming
framework for high-throughput, compute- and bandwidth- optimized, and cost
effective AI inference for clinical decision making at scale. In our
experiments, ISLE on average reduced data transmission by 98.02% and decoding
time by 98.09%, while increasing throughput by 2,730%. We show that ISLE
results in faster turnaround times, and reduced overall cost of data,
transmission, and compute, without negatively impacting clinical decision
making using AI systems.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures, 3 table
Parameter estimation in spatially extended systems: The Karhunen-Loeve and Galerkin multiple shooting approach
Parameter estimation for spatiotemporal dynamics for coupled map lattices and
continuous time domain systems is shown using a combination of multiple
shooting, Karhunen-Loeve decomposition and Galerkin's projection methodologies.
The resulting advantages in estimating parameters have been studied and
discussed for chaotic and turbulent dynamics using small amounts of data from
subsystems, availability of only scalar and noisy time series data, effects of
space-time parameter variations, and in the presence of multiple time-scales.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, 4 Tables Corresponding Author - V. Ravi Kumar,
e-mail address: [email protected]
Young Muslim women's experiences of Islam and physical education in Greece and Britain: a comparative study
Previous research suggests that Muslim women can experience particular problems when taking physical education (PE) lessons, for example with dress codes, mixed-teaching and exercise during Ramadan; and they can face restrictions in extra-curricular activities for cultural and religious reasons. The area is under-researched and there is little evidence of comparative studies that explore similarities and differences in cross-national experiences, which is the aim of this paper. Two studies conducted in Greece and Britain that explored the views of Muslim women on school experiences of physical education are compared. Both studies focused on diaspora communities, Greek Turkish girls and British Asian women, living in predominantly non-Muslim countries. Growing concerns about global divisions between 'Muslims and the West' make this a particularly pertinent study. Qualitative data were collected by interviews with 24 Greek Muslim women, and 20 British Muslim women. \ud
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Physical education has national curriculum status and a similar rationale in both countries but with different cultures of formality and tradition, which impacted on pupils' experiences. Data suggested that Greek and British groups held positive views towards physical education but were restricted on their participation in extra-curricular activities. For the British women religious identity and consciousness of Islamic requirements were more evident than for the Greek women. Differences in stages of acculturation, historical and socio-cultural contexts contributed to less problematic encounters with physical education for Greek Muslims who appeared more closely assimilated into the dominant culture
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