Male Infertility and Urogenital Infections

Najčešće infekcije muškoga reproduktivnog sustava su akutni i kronični prostatovezikulitis, epididimitis i uretritis. Do sada su iznesena kontroverzna zapažanja kliničara o utjecaju urogenitalne infekcije na fertilitet muškaraca. Prema novijim istraživanjima infekcije muškoga reproduktivnog sustava uzrokuju disfunkciju sekretorne aktivnosti prostate, sjemenih vezikula i epididimisa, što dovodi do promjena volumena i kiselosti sjemene plazme, kao i koncentracije cinka, limunske kiseline, kisele fosfataze te fruktoze, što ima za posljedicu smanjenje broja i pokretljivosti spermija. Oksidativni stres kod kroničnog prostatitisa oštećuje akrosomsku aktivnost spermija te uzrokuje neplodnost muškaraca. Kasne posljedice preboljelih upala sjemenog trakta uzrokuju opstrukcije u sjemenim kanalima i dovode do oligospermije ili azoospermije.The most common male genital infections are prostatovesiculitis, epididymitis and urethritis. The opinions of clinicians about the impact of UGI on male fertility are still controversial. According to the latest research, UGI impair secretory activity of prostate, seminal vesicles and epididymis, which leads to the change in the volume and acidity of seminal plasma, and to changes in the concentration of zinc, citric acid, acid phosphatase and fructose thus reducing sperm quality. Oxidative stress in chronic prostatitis can inhibit acrosome reaction and decrease functional capacity of spermatozoa. Chronic and acute infection can cause partial or complete obstruction of seminal ducts with oligospermia or azoospermia

The evaluation of pathohistologic change on the pyelouretheral segment and renal plevis in congenital hydronephrosis according to the urographic findings

Kod kongenitalne hidronefroze postoji patohistološka promjena na pijeloureternom spoju u smislu prirođene kolagenoze. Različiti stupanj, odnosno te­ žina prirođene promjene na pijeloureternom segmentu, diktira razvoj sekundarnih promjena na nakapnici i razvitak hidronefroze. Postoji signifikantna korelacija između stupnjeva hidronefroze dobivenih na temelju urografskih nalaza patohistoloških promjena na pijeloureternom spoju i nakapnici. p < 0,05 koeficijent korelacije 0,65 minimalne, odnosno početne promjene na nakapnici tzv. latentnu hidronefrozu možemo klinički otkriti pomoću urografije s opterećenjem i indicirati operaciju, kako bi na vrijeme spriječili razvitak hidronefroze težeg stupnja i oštećenje funkcije bubrega. Na temelju urografskih nalaza već preoperativno možemo procijeniti stupanj patohistološkog oštećenja, jer postoji signifikantna podudarnost stupnja hidronefroze, dobivene na urografiji, sa određenom težinom patohistoloških promjena na pijeloureternom segmentu i nakapnici analiziranih preparata.A pathohistologic change on the pyelouretheral junction, in the sense of a congenital collagenosis, occurs in congenital hydronephrosis. The development of secondary changes on renal pelvis and the occurrrence of hydronephrosis is due to the different degree i.e. seriousness of the congenital change. A significant correlation among different degrees of hydronephrosis, according to the urographic findings obtained, and pathohistologic changes on the pyelouretheral junction and renal pelvis is evident. (p<0.05 correlation coefficient 0.65) Loading urography helps discovering minimal i.e. initial changes on the renal pelvis, the so called latent hydronephrosis. Thus, surgical treatment is supported to avoid soon enough a more serious degree of hydronephrosis and the damage of renal function. Following the urographic findings, the degree of a pathohistologic damage can be already preoperatively evaluated. This is due to a significant correspondence between the hydronephrosis degree obtained by urography and the specific seriousness of pathohistologic changes on the pyelouretheral segment and pelvis preparations

DNA demethylation and heterochromatin remodelling upon heat stress

Conversion of environmental signals into epigenetic information is thought to occur widely but has been poorly studied as yet. It is proposed that changes in the expression of molecules involved in chromatin remodelling or their modification might play a role in this process. Here we study remodelling of heterochromatin upon heat stress in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Tenebrionidae, Coleoptera), one of the most important stored products pest. We show that the expression of abundant satellite DNA TCAST which is located within the constitutive pericentromeric heterochromatin, is strongly induced following heat shock and is accompanied by increase in repressive epigenetic modifications of histones at TCAST regions. Upon recovery from heat stress, the expression of satellite DNA-associated siRNAs as well as histone modifications is quickly restored. Bisulphite sequencing of TCAST satellite DNA reveals cytosine methylation not only restricted to CpG sites but also found at CpA, CpT and CpC sites, and preserved within heterochromatin during all developmental phases. The level of methylation decreases after heat shock depending on the duration and results in a complete demethylation after prolonged treatment. Our results indicate that heat shock induced satellite DNA demethylation and expression affect epigenetic state of constitutive heterochromatin in insects. It can be hypothesized that transient remodelling of heterochromatin is part of a physiological gene expression program activated under stress conditions. We propose the existence of a negative-feedback mechanism in which satellite DNA-associated siRNAs induced by heat stress, repress their own transcription by providing additional H3K9me3 anchorage sites for the chromodomain protein such as HP1, and in this way restore heterochromatic state

First evidence of DNA methylation in insect Tribolium castaneum Environmental regulation of DNA methylation within heterochromatin

First evidence of DNA methylation in insect Tribolium castaneum and Environmental regulation of DNA methylation within heterochromati

Urological Diseases among 50 Composers

Exploring more than thousand composers′ pathographies we have found 50 cases of urological and renal diseases among composers. The most important cases are presented in the form of short pathographies and the others were briefly mentioned in the following list

Genotoxic effect of pesticide Carbendazim in mice Swiss albino

U današnje vrijeme upotreba pesticida za suzbijanje različitih štetnika u proizvodnji hrane je neizbježna. Nažalost, pesticidi koji zaostaju u gotovoj hrani mogu imati štetni utjecaj na zdravlje potrošača. Jedan od takvih široko upotrebljavanih pesticida je metil 2-benzimidazol karbamat, poznat kao i karbendazim, fungicid iz skupine benzimidazolnih spojeva čiji je mehanizam djelovanja inhibicija diobenog vretena za vrijeme stanične diobe. Ovo istraživanje je provedeno s ciljem procjene genotoksičnog utjecaja karbendazima na Swiss miša. Grupe od pet muških miševa i pet ženskih miševa su svakodnevno oralno tretirane NOAEL dozom karbendazima (20 mg/kg tjelesne težine) tijekom 28 dana. Za procjenu genotoksičnog utjecaja korišteni su mikronukleus test in vivo i alkalni komet test. Komet test je proveden na stanicama krvi, limfnih čvorova, slezene i timusa, a mikronukleus test na retikulocitima periferne krvi. Primjenjena NOAEL doza karbendazima tijekom 28 dana kod muških miševa uzrokovala je visoku razinu oštećenja molekule DNA što je rezultiralo istovremenim značajnim povećanjem sva tri parametra kometa u stanicama krvi i timusa. Vidljivo je da postoje razlike utjecaja karbendazima na oštećenje molekule DNA između spolova, odnosno karbendazim uzrokuje intenzivnija oštećenja DNA kod muţjaka nego kod ženki. Karbendazim je inducirao značajno povećanje učestalosti mikronukleusa kod oba spola.In modern times the usage of pesticides to repel pests in food production is a necessity. Unfortunately, the pesticide residues in food can have a negative impact on consumers health. One of those widely used pesticides is metil 2-benzimidazole carbamate, also known as carbendazim, a benzimidazole fungicide whose mode of action is the inhibition of the spindle function during the cell division. This expirement was conducted in order to evaluate the genotoxic effect of carbendazim on the Swiss mouse. Groups of five male and five female mice were oraly given NOAEL dosage of carbendazim (20 mg/kg of body weight) during te period of 28 days. To evaluate the genotoxic effect micronucleus test in vivo and the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) were used. The comet assay was conducted on blood, lymph node, spleen and thymus cells while the micronucleus test was conducted on the peripheral blood reticulocytes. The administered NOAEL dose of carbendazim during the 28 days caused high levels of DNA damage in male mice resulting in simultaneous significant increases of all three comet parameters in blood and thymus cells. Results show that there are differences of impact of carbendazim on DNA damage between sexes, that is carbendazim causes more intense DNA damage in male mice than in female mice. Carbendazim induced significant increase in the frequency of micronuclei in both sexes