Feeding Behavior Of Aratinga Aurea (psittacidae) In Southwestern Minas Gerais State, Brazil [comportamento De Aratinga Aurea (psittacidae) Nov Sudeste De Minas Gerais, Brasil]

This research was carried out from August 1995 to August 1998. The objective is obtain data on feeding behavior of the Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratinga aurea) in southwestern Minas Gerais State. Thirty-three plant species were eaten by A. aurea. Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiaceae) and Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) were the most consumed. Aratinga aurea fed on flowers, fruit pulp but seeds were the most consumed item. The use of leaves as food was recorded only for Pyrus communis (Rosaceae), on a single feeding bout. From 33 species eaten, parakeets used seeds from 18 species, fruit pulp from seven and flowers from 12 species. The methods used to obtain food varied according to the size of plant species, as well as the morphology. Generally, it was possible to define three basic strategies: (1) the bird pecks the food without ripping it from the branch, (2) the birds plucks off the food with its beak and grinds it, (3) the bird plucks off the food with its beak, grabs it using its foot and only then starts to eat it. There was statistically significant variation of the methods used in relation to the food item. The flock size during feeding is highly variable. Flock size varied from one individual eating alone to 20 individuals at the same site. Records of flocks of one or two birds were mostly made during breeding period.173-4187193Altmann, J., Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods (1974) Behaviour, 49, pp. 227-267Antas, P.T.Z., Cavalcanti, R.B., (1988) Aves Comuns Do Planalto Central, , Brasília: Ed. UnBArrowood, P.C., Duetting, pair bonding and agonistic display in parakeet pairs (1988) Behaviour, 106, pp. 129-157Ayres, M., Ayres, M., Ayres, D.L., Santos, A.S., (2000) Bioestat 2.0: Aplicações Estatísticas Nas Áreas Das Ciências Biológicas E Médicas, , Belém: Sociedade Civil MamirauáBrown, C.R., Enhanced foraging efficiency through information centers: A benefit of Coloniality in Cliff Swallows (1988) Ecology, 69, pp. 602-613Cannon, C.E., Flock sizes of lorikeets, Trichoglossus spp (1984) Aust. J. Zool, 21, pp. 185-195Cannon, C.E., Flock size of feeding eastern and pale-headed rosellas (Aves: Psittaciformes) (1984) Aust. Wildl. Res, 11, pp. 349-355Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J., Lefebvre, L., Variability in parrot flock size: Possible functions of communal roosts (1989) Condor, 91, pp. 842-847Eisenmann, E., Favorite foods of Neotropical birds: Flying termites and Cecropia catkins (1961) Auk, 78, pp. 636-638de Faria, I.P., Peach-fronted Parakeet (Aratinga aurea) feeding on arboreal termites in the Brazilian Cerrado (2007) Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia, 15 (3), pp. 457-458Forshaw, J.M., (1989) Parrots of the World, , Melbourne: Landsdowne editionsFriedman, H., Davis, M., Left-handedness in parrots (1938) Auk, 55, pp. 478-480Galetti, M., Diet of the Scaly-headed parrot (Pionus maximiliani) in a semideciduous forest in Southeastern Brazil (1993) Biotropica, 25, pp. 419-425Galetti, M., Pedroni, F., Feeding behaviour of peach-frontes parakeet at Serra do Cipó, MG., Brazil (1996) Cotinga, 6, pp. 59-60Galetti, M., Seasonal abundance and feeding ecology of parrots and parakeets in lowland Atlantic Forest of Brazil (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 115-126Harris, L.J., Footedness in parrots: Three centuries of research, theory, and mere surmise (1989) Canadian Journal of Psychology, 43, pp. 369-396Hyman, J., Pruett-Jones, S., Natural history of Monk Parakeet in Hyde Park, Chicago (1995) Wilson Bull, 107, pp. 510-517Juniper, T., Parr, M., (1998) Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of The World, , New Haven: Pica PressLack, D., (1968) Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds, , London: Methuen & Co. LtdLorenzi, H., (1992) Árvores Brasileiras, , Nova Odessa: Editora PlantarumMarcondes-Machado, L.O., De Oliveira, A.M.M., Comportamento alimentar de aves em Cecropia (Moraceae) em Mata Atlântica, no Estado de São Paulo (1988) Rev. Bras. Zool, 4, pp. 331-359Moermond T., C., Denslow, J.S., Neotropical avian frugivores patterns of behavior, morphology and nutrition, with consequences for fruit selection (1985) Ornithol. Monogr, 36, pp. 865-897Motta, J.J.C., Lombardi, J.A., Aves como agentes dispersores da copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii, Caesalpiniaceae) em São Carlos, estado de São Paulo (1990) Ararajuba, 1, pp. 105-106Murton, R.K., Why do some bird species feed in flocks? (1971) Ibis, 113, pp. 534-536Nimer, E., (1989) Climatologia do Brasil, , 2 ed. Rio de Janeiro: IBGENos, R., Camerino, M., Conducta de alimentación de cinco especies de cotorritas (Aves-Psittacidae) (1984) Misc. Zool, 8, pp. 245-252Paranhos, S.J., De Araújo, C.B., Marcondes-Machado, L.O., Comportamento alimentar do Periquito-de-encontroamarelo (Brotogeris chiriri) no interior do estado de São Paulo, Brasil (2007) Revista Brasileira De Ornitologia, 15, pp. 95-101(1983) Levantamento De Recursos Naturais, 32. , Projeto Radam Brasil, Rio de Janeiro: Ministério das Minas e Energia-Secretaria GeralRagusa-Netto, J., Fecchio, A., Plant food resources and the diet of a parrot community in a gallery forest of the southern Pantanal (Brazil) (2006) Braz. J. Biol, 66 (4), pp. 1021-1032Rojas, R., Ribon, R., Guilda de aves em (Fabaceae: Faboideae) área de cerrado de Furnas, Minas Gerais (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 189-194Roth, P., Repartição do hábitat entre psitacídeos simpátricos no sul da Amazônia (1984) Acta Amazônica, 14, pp. 175-221Sazima, I., Peach-fronted parakeet feeding on winged termites (1989) Wilson Bull, 101, pp. 656-657Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia Brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Editora Nova FronteiraSilva, T., The golden conure in field and aviary (1990) Avic. Mag, 96, pp. 82-88Silva-Junior, M.C., (2005) 100 Árvores Do Cerrado: Guia De Campo, , Brasília: Editora Rede de Sementes do CerradoSimão, I., Santos F.A., M., Pizo, M.A., Vertical stratification and diet of psittacids in a Tropical lowland forest of Brazil (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 169-174Stager, K.E., The Machris Brazilian Expedition: Ornithology: Nonpasserines (1961) Contrib. Science, 41, pp. 1-27Steel, R.G.D., Torrie, J.H., (1960) Principles and procedures of statistics, , New York: MacGraw-HillTerborgh, J., (1988) Ornithology, an ecological approach, , Englewoods Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice HallThiollay, J.M., L'exploitation par les oiseaux des essaimages de fourmis et termites dans une zone de contact savane-fôret em Côte-D'Ivoire (1970) Alauda, 38, pp. 255-273Ward, P., Zahavi, A., The importance of certain assemblages of birds as "information-centers" for food-finding (1973) Ibis, 115, pp. 517-534Westcott, D.A., Cockburn, A., Flock size and vigilance in parrots (1988) Aust. J. Zool, 36. , 335-3

Feeding Behavior Of The Yellow-chevroned Parakeet At The Northeast Of The State Of São Paulo State, Brazil [comportamento Alimentar Do Periquito-de-encontro-amarelo (brotogeris Chiriri) No Interior Do Estado De São Paulo, Brasil]

This research was carried out from March 1990 to December 1993. It was designed to obtain data on the feeding behavior of the Yellow-chevroned Parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) at four distinct areas of northeast São Paulo State. The following aspects of its feeding biology have been addressed: the plant species used as food, the items (flower, fruit, pulp, seed) included in the diet, the methods used to obtain food, and the flock size variation. Brotogeris chiriri used 45 plant species as food resource. From these it used seeds from 27 species, fruit pulp from 19 species and flowers from 16 species. There was a significant statistical variation on the methods used to gather food relative to the food item. The flock size of B. chiriri is highly variable (from one individual eating alone to about 45 individuals) on the same period of the year. The smallest average flock size was found during the breeding period of the species.15195101Altmann, J., Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods (1974) Behaviour, 49, pp. 227-267Arrowood, P.C., Duetting, pair bonding and agonistic display in parakeet pairs (1988) Behaviour, 106, pp. 129-157Beissinger, S.R., Bucher, E.H., Can parrots be conserved through sustainable harvesting? (1992) Bioscience, 42, pp. 164-173Chapman, C.A., Chapman, L.J., Lefebvre, L., Variability in parrot flock size: Possible functions of communal roosts (1989) Condor, 91, pp. 842-847Collar, N.J., Information and Ignorance Concerning the World's Parrots: An Index for Twenty-first Century Research and Conservation (1998) Papageienkunde, 2, pp. 201-235Cronquist, A., (1981) An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants, , Nova York: Columbia University PressEisenmann, E., Favorite foods of neotropical birds: Flying termites and cecropia catkins (1961) Auk, 78, pp. 636-638Fallavena, M.A.B., Silva, F., Alimentação de Myiopsitta monachus (Boddart, 1783Psittacidae, Aves) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. (1988) Iheringia, 2, pp. 7-11Forshaw, J. M. (1989) Parrots of the world. 3 ed. Willoughby: Lansdowne EditionsFrench, K., Phenology of fleshy fruits in a wet sclerophyll forest in Southeastern Australia: Are birds an important influence? (1992) Oecologia, 90, pp. 366-373Galetti, M., Diet of the Scaly-headed Parrot (Pionus maximiliani) in a Semideciduous Forest in Southeastern Brazil (1993) Biotropica, 25, pp. 419-425Galetti, M., Seasonal abundance and feeding ecology of parrots and parakeets in a lowland Atlantic forest Brazil (1997) Ararajuba, 5, pp. 115-126_, P. R. Guimarães-Junior e S. J. Mardsen (2002) Padrões de riqueza, risco de extinção e conservação dos psitacídeos neotropicais, p. 17-26. Em: M. Galetti, e M. A. Pizo (Eds.) Ecologia e conservação de psitacídeos no Brasil. Belo Horizonte: Melopsittacus Publicações CientíficasHöfling, E., Camargo, H.F.A., (1993) Aves no Campus, , São Paulo: Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São PauloJanzen, D.H., Herbivores and the number of trees species in tropical forests (1970) Am. Nat, 104, pp. 501-528Janzen, D.H., Seed predation by animals (1971) Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 2, pp. 465-492Janzen, D.H., Ficus ovalis seed predation by an Orange-chinned parakeet (Brotogeris jugularis) in Costa Rica (1981) Auk, 98, pp. 841-844Jordano, P., Fig-seed predation and dispersal by birds (1983) Biotropica, 15, pp. 38-41Low, R., (1972) Parrots of South America, , Londres: John Gifford LtdaMaehr, D.S., Kale-II, H.W., Karalus, K., (2005) Florida's birds: A field guide and reference, , Sarasota: Pineapple pressMarcondes-Machado, L.O., Argel de Oliveira, M.M., Comportamento alimentar de aves em Cecropia (Moraceae) em Mata Atlântica, no Estado de São Paulo. (1988) Rev. Bras. Zool, 4, pp. 331-339Marcondes-Machado, L.O., Argel de Oliveira, M.M., Paranhos, S.J., Barros, Y.M., Estratégias alimentares de aves na utilização de frutos de Ficus microcarpa (Moraceae) em uma área antrópica. (1994) Iheringia, Ser. Zool, 77, pp. 57-62Martin, P., Bateson, P., (1986) Measuring behaviour: An introductory guide, , Cambridge: Cambridge University PressMoojen, J., Carvalho, J.C., Lopes, H.S., Observações sobre o conteúdo gástrico das aves brasileiras. (1941) Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 36, pp. 405-444Nos, R., Camerino, M., Conducta de alimentación de cinco especies de cotorritas (Aves - Psittacidae). (1984) Misc. Zool, 8, pp. 245-252Olmos, F., Martuscelli, P., Silva, R.S., Distribution and dry-season ecology of Pfrimeri's conure Pyrrhura pfrimeri, with a reappraisal of Brazilian Pyrrhura "leucotis (1997) Ornitologia Neotropical, 8, pp. 121-132Ragusa-neto, J., Flowers, Fruits and the abundance of the Yellow-chevroned parakeet (Brotogeris chiriri) at a gallery forest in the South Pantanal (Brazil) (2004) Braz. J. Biol, 64, pp. 371-382Roth, P., Repartição do hábitat entre psitacídeos simpátricos no sul da Amazônia. (1984) Acta Amazônica, 14, pp. 175-221Sick, H., (1997) Ornitologia brasileira, , Rio de Janeiro: Nova FronteiraSnyder, N.F.R., Wiley, J.W., Kepler, C.B., (1987) The parrots of Luquillio: Natural history and conservation of the Puerto Rican Parrot, , Los Angeles: Western Foudation of Vertebrate ZoologyStiles, G., Skutch, A.F., (1989) A guide to the birds of Costa Rica, , Ithaca, New York: Cornell University PressWestcott, D.A., Cockburn, A., Flock size and vigilance in parrots (1988) Aust. J. Zool, 36, pp. 335-35