Temperature Optimization and Addition of Aloe Vera Gel as Antibacteria In Coconut Oil-Based Liquid Soap

This study aims to determine the optimization of the ratio of coconut oil to KOH and temperature in the manufacture of liquid soap. In this study, the saponification reaction was used by reacting coconut oil with a strong base of KOH. The mole ratio between coconut oil and KOH used is 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. The temperature used 3 points, there are 30oC, 40oC, and 50oC. Parameters observed were free fatty acid, pH, free alkali content, unsaponication fat content, density, and viscosity. The best results in the physiochemical test were running 4 (KOH ratio 5 and temperature 50oC) with pH 8, free alkali content of 0%, unsaponication fat content of 0.00175%, density 1.02 g/ml, viscosity 715.87 cP, and 1% free fatty acids. The critical value for the optimization of the liquid bath soap formula on the level of unsaponification fat based on RSM data is achieved at a KOH ratio of 4.28758 with a temperature of 62.40793oC

Efficiency of Betacyanin and Betaxanthin Extraction from Red Beets (Beta vulgaris L.) using Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)

Red beet pigments, betacyanin and betaxanthin, possess both health benefits and potential as natural colorants. This study investigated the efficacy of Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE) for their extraction from red beets. Pretreated beets were subjected to MAE employing varying microwave power levels (200, 400, and 600 W) and solvents (water, ethanol, and ethanol + citric acid). Betacyanin content varied from 23.77 to 59.28 mg/100g. Higher microwave power significantly increased betacyanin yield (p < 0.05), while the type of solvent did not exert a significant influence. Betaxanthin content was also affected by both microwave power and solvent polarity. Higher power settings and the more polar solvent mixture (ethanol + citric acid) resulted in greater extraction. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of MAE for extracting both pigments from red beets, with optimal conditions dependent on the target compound of interest

Production of Margarine from Rice Bran Oil and Palm Kernel Oil and Analysis of Physicochemical Properties

Rice bran oil is a healthy food that contains vitamins, antioxidants, and nutrients needed in the human body and is widely used in food and cosmetics. Rice bran oil in Indonesia has also not been widely utilized as a raw material for food products. Therefore, to change the economic value of rice bran oil can be used as a food product, one of which is margarine. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for making margarine from rice bran oil and palm kernel oil. The tests carried out in this study were water content, fat content, and emulsion stability tests. In this study, margarine was made with three variables, namely the ratio of rice bran oil and palm kernel oil (80:20; 70:30), stirring time (30 minutes, 40 minutes), and margarine storage time (5 days, 10 days) which will be designed using Factorial Design method. Based on the results, the optimal margarine formula from rice bran oil and palm kernel oil is in the variable stirring time of 37 minutes and 30 seconds, oil ratio of 80:20, and storage time of 5 days. In the optimum sample, the value of fat content was 82.94 ± 0.08%, moisture content was 14.08 ± 0.14%, and emulsion stability was 91.15 ± 0.21%

Optimization of Manufacturing liquid Soap Based on Virgin Coconut Oil with a Combination Potassium Hydroxide and Ammonium Hydroxide

Virgin coconut oil has a better saponification effect than coconut oil in general. It has a high lauric acid content of 46%, suitable for skin moisture; it is good to be used as a primary ingredient for making natural liquid soap; hydrolysis is carried out on VCO to get free fatty acids ingredient raw material for making soap. This study will use a combination of KOH and NH4OH bases to produce more soluble soap in water. This study aims to determine the quality of natural liquid soap from the saponification process between VCO hydrolysis and base, whether by applicable quality standards, and determine the effect of base concentration, time, and temperature of mixing on the quality of the soap produced. The method in this study uses the Response Surface Methodology, where the resulting soap product is tested for physicochemical tests. The critical value for optimizing liquid soap is obtained at the KOH base ratio of 8, time 140 minutes, and temperature 92oC, and the critical value of FFA is 0, 21%. The best soap results are sample 6, which complied with SNI 06-4085-1996 and SNI 3532-2016

Optimization of Pb(II) Metal Adsorption on Pomelo Peel Biosorbent by Immobilization in Ca-Alginate

Industrial wastewater is a source of water pollution that dominates today. Wastewater is known to cause damage to the environment, health and threatens the availability of clean water. Industrial wastewater is a problem because it contains a lot of dangerous heavy metals, one of which is Lead or Pb(II).' Adsorption technology has become one of the most exciting technologies because of its good performance. Adsorption media currently popular for the study is adsorption using agricultural waste. One of the agricultural wastes that can be used as biosorbent is grapefruit peel (Citrus maxima). The functional groups in grapefruit peel are ether, pedophilic, carboxyl, carbonyl, and hydroxyl. These functional groups are essential in binding heavy metals from the aquatic environment. In this study, grapefruit peel was modified into a Ca-alginate immobilized biosorbent. The analyzes that will be carried out include the characteristics of the biosorbent, namely the water content and ash content test, the FTIR test to determine the functional groups contained in the biosorbent, the SEM-EDX test to assess the appearance of the biosorbent, as well as analysis of the initial and final levels of Pb(II). Based on the results obtained, the best percentage decrease in Pb(II) levels was obtained with operating conditions of pH 4.7, contact time of 90 minutes, and Pb(II) concentration of 100 mg/L with a percentage decrease in Pb(II) levels of 89%

Optimization of Lemongrass Oil (Cymbopogon citratus) Emulsion with the Addition of Cethyl Alcohol as a Natural Cosurfactant

Lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) is a plant that produces essential oils as a raw material for fragrance in cosmetics and perfumes. This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of Lemongrass oil-wall emulsion (Tween 80 and Cethyl Alcohol) and to determine the effect of the independent variable in the form of the ratio of lemongrass oil-wall to the viscosity produced using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The novelty in this research is lemongrass oil with the addition of Tween 80 and Cethyl Alcohol as natural cosurfactants. Tests were carried out with three independent variables, namely stirring time (15, 20 and 25 minutes), stirring speed (20,000, 22,000 and 24,000 rpm) and lemongrass oil-wall ratio (1:3, 1:4, 1:5), which will be designed with the RSM method to obtain optimum operating conditions. Based on the results obtained, the optimal formula for lemongrass oil emulsion is on the 14th running result, which has a pH value of 6.4; density of 0.852; viscosity of 15,450 cP, type M/A, homogeneous and good stability without any change in colour, aroma, and texture. The influence of the lemongrass oil-wall ratio variable, namely the ratio variable, obtained a P-value of 0.000005, which means it is smaller than the value of α = 0.05 so that it can be said that the ratio has a significant effect on the viscosity of the emulsion

Quality Analysis of Liquid Soap Formulation Made from Virgin Coconut Oil with Addition of White Tea Extract

The production of bath soap based on natural ingredients is still rarely found in the market. Many in circulation still use synthetic materials as active ingredients. In this soap-making formulation using natural antioxidants in the form of white tea extract, anti-oxidants from plant extracts are usually added as additives (1-8% of the final soap composition). The research method used is a response surface methodology with a Central Composite Design (CCD) design. The resulting liquid soap product will be analyzed including physicochemical tests and organoleptic tests. Soap with the most appropriate quality according to SNI fell on the 4th variable, with the addition of KOH of 67 grams and a reaction time of 35 minutes. Variable soap 4 has a pH of 10, a free alkali content of 0.0541%, and an unsaponifiable fat content of 0.37%

Production of Edible Film from Isolate Soy Protein with Addition of Palmitic/Lauric Acids

Abstract – On the structure, physical and functional properties of soy protein isolate/sodium alginate films, the influence of chain length and concentration of various fatty acids (palmitic acid and lauric acid) was evaluated. The fatty acid content of the films was validated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The opacity of films treated with fatty acids increases with increasing fatty acid chain length or concentration. The ability of a film to act as a moisture barrier is strongly influenced by the type and concentration of fatty acids. Films impregnated with stearic acid outperform other films in terms of effectiveness. Compared with films integrating stearic acid, those containing lauric acid showed greater elongation at break. Insoluble particles and greater roughness were seen in scanning electron micrographs of films containing fatty acids. These findings suggest that appropriate fatty acids can be used to create biopolymer-based films with the required characteristics. From this research it was found that the most optimal conditions for making edible film made from protein isolate with the addition of lauric acid and palmitic acid are a fatty acid ratio of 2:3, drying at a temperature of 75°C and drying for 3 hours to obtain a tensile strength value of 0.97 MPa and elongation of 24%

Optimization of Liquid Soap Preparation Formula with the Addition of Black Rice (Oryza Sativa L. Indica) Extract as Anti-Radical Free based Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO)

An imbalance in the body's number of antioxidants and free radicals can cause oxidative stress and trigger various degenerative diseases (WHO, 2016). One way to prevent free radicals from entering the body is to bathe with soap. Black rice extract can be an antioxidant in soap because it contains anthocyanin pigments and has high bioactive compounds (Chakuton et al., 2012). Selection of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as a raw material for soap because it has a high lauric acid content and is helpful for moisturizing and smoothing the skin (Afrozi et al., 2021). This study aimed to analyze the quality of liquid soap from the hydrolyzed Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and the effect of using bases KOH, NH4OH, and black rice extract accompanied by varying base concentrations, time, and temperature treatments. The independent variables for process optimization were the concentration of KOH: NH4OH (30:70, 50:50, 70:30)%, stirring time (65, 85, 105) minutes, and operating temperature (60, 75, 90) °C. Based on the results obtained, the optimum level of FFA (resulting in a small FFA%) was obtained with the minimized variable conditions, namely using a concentration of 16,4% KOH, and an operating temperature of 49,7 °C, a stirring time of 51.4 minutes, and composite desirability of 0,895897