Diagnostics for upper impacted canines – based on the literature

Impacted canines are the second most common (after the third molars) impacted teeth. Good diagnostics for impacted canines is possible at approx. 10 years of age, when the incorrect angulation of the crown of the tooth can be seen on the panoramic X-ray. The initial assessment of impacted canines includes a basic dental examination (presence of persistent deciduous teeth, lack of erupted permanent canines in the dental arch after the end of tooth eruption) and a palpative examination of alveolar bone in the vestibulum. The diagnostics is based mainly on X-rays: mainly panoramic images, tooth X-rays and occlusal plate pictures. The new tool in the diagnostics of impacted teeth is computed tomography, especially CBCT. The study collates diagnostic methods based primarily on panoramic X-ray images for the assessment and prediction of the spontaneous eruption chances of maxillary canines

Polska i jej wschodni sąsiedzi: materiały z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej, Kraków, 2 czerwca 2014 r.

Praca recenzowana / peer-reviewed pape

History trumps government unpopularity: the June 2003 Polish EU accession referendum

This analysis explains why Poles voted overwhelmingly to join the EU and how the 50% turnout requirement was achieved fairly easily. It argues that most Poles appeared to accept the historical significance of the referendum and de-coupled the issue of EU membership from that of confidence in an extremely unpopular government. This occurred because most key political and social actors, including the opposition parties, called for a Yes vote, while, at the same time, a vigorous campaign by pro-EU civic organisations presented a ‘non-political’ face to the campaign. Although the No camp made tactical errors and had difficulties staying focused on its main arguments, lack of both access to the public media and a convincing or attractive alternative made it extremely difficult for them to mount an effective campaign. At the same time, the stability of the opinion polls in the years leading up to the referendum suggested that most Poles had already made their minds up about the issue well in advance. In spite of the low levels of trust in political parties, partisan cues appeared to be a better predictor of referendum voting behaviour than socio-economic and demographic factors