Contribution of aberrant Toll like receptor signaling to the pathogenesis of myelodysplastic syndromes

Toll like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that play a central role in the innate immune response. These receptors are expressed on a wide variety of immune and non-immune cells, and they help shape the immune response to infection and injury through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) as well as endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Accumulating evidence suggests that, in addition to regulating mature effector immune cells, TLRs can influence the immune response from the level of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC). HSCs express TLRs, and exposure to TLR ligands influences the cycling, differentiation, and function of HSCs, with chronic TLR stimulation leading to impairment of normal HSC repopulating activity. Moreover, enhanced TLR expression and signaling is associated with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), a heterogenous group of HSC disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a high risk of transformation to acute leukemias. In this review, we will discuss the role of TLR signaling in the pathogenesis of MDS, focusing on the known direct and indirect effects of this type of signaling on HSCs, the mechanisms of TLR signaling upregulation in MDS, the changes in TLR expression with disease progression, and the therapeutic implications for modulating TLR signaling in the treatment of MDS

Toll-like receptor and cytokine expression throughout the bone marrow differs between patients with low- and high-risk myelodysplastic syndromes

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are hematopoietic stem cell disorders, the pathogenesis of which involves enhanced immune signaling that promotes or selects for mutant hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). In particular, toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and signaling are enhanced in MDS, and their inhibition is an attractive therapeutic strategy. Although prior studies have reported increased expression of TLR2 and its binding partners TLR1 and TLR6 in the CD3

The tetraspanin CD53 protects stressed hematopoietic stem cells via promotion of DREAM complex-mediated quiescence

The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) cycle responds to inflammatory and other proliferative stressors; however, these cells must quickly return to quiescence to avoid exhaustion and maintain their functional integrity. The mechanisms that regulate this return to quiescence are not well understood. Here, we show that tetraspanin CD53 is markedly upregulated in HSCs in response to a variety of inflammatory and proliferative stimuli and that the loss of CD53 is associated with prolonged cycling and reduced HSC function in the context of inflammatory stress. Mechanistically, CD53 promotes the activity of the dimerization partner, RB-like, E2F, and multi-vulva class B (DREAM) transcriptional repressor complex, which downregulates genes associated with cycling and division. Proximity labeling and confocal fluorescence microscopy studies showed that CD53 interacts with DREAM-associated proteins, specifically promoting the interaction between Rbl2/p130 and its phosphatase protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A), effectively stabilizing p130 protein availability for DREAM binding. Together, these data identified a novel mechanism by which stressed HSCs resist cycling

The tetraspanin transmembrane protein CD53 mediates dyslipidemia and integrates inflammatory and metabolic signaling in hepatocytes

Tetraspanins are transmembrane signaling and proinflammatory proteins. Prior work demonstrates that the tetraspanin, CD53/TSPAN25/MOX44, mediates B-cell development and lymphocyte migration to lymph nodes and is implicated in various inflammatory diseases. However, CD53 is also expressed in highly metabolic tissues, including adipose and liver; yet its function outside the lymphoid compartment is not defined. Here, we show that CD53 demarcates the nutritional and inflammatory status of hepatocytes. High-fat exposure and inflammatory stimuli induced CD53 in vivo in liver and isolated primary hepatocytes. In contrast, restricting hepatocyte glucose flux through hepatocyte glucose transporter 8 deletion or through trehalose treatment blocked CD53 induction in fat- and fructose-exposed contexts. Furthermore, germline CD53 deletion in vivo blocked Western diet-induced dyslipidemia and hepatic inflammatory transcriptomic activation. Surprisingly, metabolic protection in CD53 KO mice was more pronounced in the presence of an inciting inflammatory event. CD53 deletion attenuated tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced and fatty acid + lipopolysaccharide-induced cytokine gene expression and hepatocyte triglyceride accumulation in isolated murine hepatocytes. In vivo, CD53 deletion in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis diet-fed mice blocked peripheral adipose accumulation and adipose inflammation, insulin tolerance, and liver lipid accumulation. We then defined a stabilized and trehalase-resistant trehalose polymer that blocks hepatocyte CD53 expression in basal and over-fed contexts. The data suggest that CD53 integrates inflammatory and metabolic signals in response to hepatocyte nutritional status and that CD53 blockade may provide a means by which to attenuate pathophysiology in diseases that integrate overnutrition and inflammation, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and type 2 diabetes

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester: Consequences of Its Hydrophobicity in the Oxidative Functions and Cytokine Release by Leukocytes

Numerous anti-inflammatory properties have been attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component of propolis. NADPH oxidases are multienzymatic complexes involved in many inflammatory diseases. Here, we studied the importance of the CAPE hydrophobicity on cell-free antioxidant capacity, inhibition of the NADPH oxidase and hypochlorous acid production, and release of TNF-α and IL-10 by activated leukocytes. The comparison was made with the related, but less hydrophobic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids. Cell-free studies such as superoxide anion scavenging assay, triene degradation, and anodic peak potential (Epa) measurements showed that the alterations in the hydrophobicity did not provoke significant changes in the oxidation potential and antiradical potency of the tested compounds. However, only CAPE was able to inhibit the production of superoxide anion by activated leukocytes. The inhibition of the NADPH oxidase resulted in the blockage of production of hypochlorous acid. Similarly, CAPE was the more effective inhibitor of the release of TNF-α and IL-10 by Staphylococcus aureus stimulated cells. In conclusion, the presence of the catechol moiety and the higher hydrophobicity were essential for the biological effects. Considering the involvement of NADPH oxidases in the genesis and progression of inflammatory diseases, CAPE should be considered as a promising anti-inflammatory drug

Estudo da relação entre estrutura química e atividade biológica de inibidores de NADPH Oxidase em leucócitos: relevância da oxidabilidade e hidrofobicidade

Inúmeras patologias têm a sua gênese e/ou progressão relacionadas à produção desregulada de intermediários oxidantes. O complexo multienzimático NADPH oxidase é um dos componentes de maior relevância neste contexto, pois é uma das principais fontes de ânion superóxido no organismo animal. Sendo expresso em inúmeros tecidos, incluindo leucócitos e células do tecido endotelial, o desenvolvimento de inibidores eficientes deste complexo enzimático poderá significar uma nova terapêutica para o tratamento de doenças inflamatórias crônicas. Com objetivo de explorar a relação entre a estrutura molecular, as propriedades químicas e atividades biológicas, utilizamos o éster fenetílico do ácido cafeico (CAPE) como inibidor do complexo enzimático NADPH oxidase e comparamos sua eficácia com o seu precursor ácido cafeico e os derivados, éster fenetílico do ácido cinâmico e o ácido clorogênico, correlacionando-os a respeito a sua hidrofobicidade, propriedades redox e inibição do complexo NADPH oxidase em leucócitos ativados. A hipótese seria de que um aumento da hidrofobicidade provocado pela esterificação do ácido cafeico poderia facilitar o seu acesso à membrana celular e assim alterar seu efeito como possível inibidor de NADPH Oxidase. Os resultados, em ensaios in vitro, mostraram que as alterações na hidrofobicidade não provocaram alterações significativas no potencial de oxidação e potencial antioxidantes dos compostos testados. Quando testados em leucócitos ativados (modelos ex vivo), a esterificação provocou uma melhora significativa na capacidade de inibição do complexo NADPH oxidase. Este potente efeito se propagou às EROs decorrentes de ânion superóxido e produzidas por leucócitos, como peróxido de hidrogênio e ácido hipocloroso, entretanto, sem alterar a capacidade fagocítica dos leucócitos. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que nos ensaios celulares o CAPE foi o composto mais potente em relação ao seu precursor ácido e ácido clorogênico, sendo significativamente mais efetivo na inibição da produção das EROs. Da mesma forma, CAPE foi o inibidor mais eficaz da expressão de TNF-α e IL-10 por Staphylococcus aureus células estimuladas. Em conclusão, a presença do grupo catecol e a maior hidrofobicidade, do CAPE, foram essenciais para os efeitos biológicos, confirmando nossa hipótese. Considerando-se o envolvimento da NADPH-oxidases na génese e progressão de doenças inflamatórias, CAPE deve ser considerada como uma droga anti-inflamatória promissora.Several diseases have their genesis and / or progression related to unregulated production of oxidants intermediates. The multienzymatic complex NADPH oxidase is one of the most important components in this context because it is a major source of superoxide anion in animal organisms. It is expressed in numerous tissues, including leukocytes and endothelial tissue cells. Developing effective inhibitors of this enzyme complex may indicate a new therapy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Several studies have described numerous anti-inflammatory properties attributed to caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active component found in propolis. In order to explore the relationship between the molecular structure, chemical properties and biological activities, we used CAPE to inhibit the enzyme complex NADPH oxidase and compare its efficacy with the its precursor caffeic acid and derivatives, phenethyl ester of cinnamic acid and chlorogenic acid, correlating them with regard to hydrophobicity, redox properties and inhibition of NADPH oxidase complex on activated leukocytes. The hypothesis was that an increase of hydrophobicity caused by the esterification of caffeic acid could facilitate access to cell membranes and thereby alter its effect as a possible inhibitor of NADPH oxidase. The results (in vitro), showed that the changes in hydrophobicity did not provoke significant changes in the oxidation potential and antiradical potency of the tested compounds. But when tested in activated leukocytes (ex vivo), the esterification caused a significant improvement in the ability to inhibit the NADPH oxidase complex. This potent inhibition effect resulted also in the blockage of production of hypochlorous acid, however, without altering the phagocytic ability of leukocytes. The results of this study show that in cellular assays, CAPE was the most potent compound in comparison to caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid, significantly more effective in inhibiting the production of ROS. Likewise, CAPE was the most effective inhibitor of expression of TNF-α and IL-10 in Staphylococcus aureus stimulated cells. In conclusion, the presence of the catechol moiety and the higher hydrophobicity of CAPE were essential for the biological effects. Considering the involvement of NADPH oxidases in the genesis and progression of inflammatory diseases, CAPE should be considered as a promising anti-inflammatory drug.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Ácido cafeico e seus ésteres: inibição do burst oxidativo de neutrófilos e efeito anti-Helicobacter pylori

A ação patogênica do Helicobacter pylori envolve a colonização do trato gastrointestinal e a produção de EROs por neutrófilos atraídos e ativados pelo agente da infecção. A reação mediada pelos PMN é, todavia, ineficaz para eliminar o H. pylori e as EROs contribuem para a lesão tecidual e desenvolvimento de gastrites e úlcera péptica. O ácido cafeico é um dos mais importantes compostos fenólicos, e apresenta diferentes propriedades biológicas, entre elas antioxidante e antimicrobiana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante e anti-H.pylori do ácido cafeico e seus ésteres. Foram avaliados os ésteres: cafelato de metila, cafelato de butila e cafelato de heptila e realizada uma comparação entre as propriedades antioxidantes do ácido cafeico e tais ésteres, por meio de ensaio de quimiluminescência dependente de luminol e lucigenina, ensaio de inibição da produção do ácido hipocloroso e também ensaios morfológicos com e sem a presença de NBT. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que os ésteres do ácido cafeico apresentaram melhores resultados em comparação com o ácido cafeico para a capacidade antioxidante. O cafelato de heptila apresentou os melhores resultados para a quimiluminescência dependente de luminol e lucigenina induzida por H. pylori e/ou zymozan opsonizado na concentração de 10 µM e 1 µM . O efeito do ácido cafeico e seus ésteres, também foi estudado na inibição da produção de ácido hipocloroso por neutrófilos ativados com PMA. O cafelato de heptila novamente provou ser melhor em capacidade antioxidante, levando a crer que a lipofilicidade deste composto...The pathogenic action of Helicobacter pylori involves the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract and ROS production by neutrophils attracted and activated by the agent of infection. However, the reaction mediated PMN is ineffective to remove the H. pylori and ROS contribute to tissue damage and development of gastritis and peptic ulcer. Caffeic acid is one of most important phenolic compounds, and has different biological properties including antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-Helicobacter pylori activity of caffeic acid and esters. Esters evaluated: methyl caffeic acid ester, butyl caffeic acid ester and heptyl caffeic acid ester and a comparison between the antioxidant properties of caffeic acid and these esters through luminol and lucigenin chemiluminescence assay dependent, inhibition of production of hypochlorous acid assay, morphological tests with and without the presence of NBT. The results of this study showed that the esters of caffeic acid had better results in comparison with caffeic acid to their antioxidant capacity. The heptyl caffeic acid ester showed the best results for the luminol and lucigenin dependent chemiluminescence induced by H. pylori and / or opsonized zymozan in the concentrations of 10 µM and 1 µM. The effect of caffeic acid and esters, was also studied in inhibiting of production of hypochlorous acid by neutrophils activated with PMA. The heptyl caffeic acid ester again proved to be better at antioxidant activity, implying that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of biotechnologically transformed propolis

WOS: 000434641900023This study investigated the effect of biotransformation on anti-inflammatory activities of propolis. Propolis was dissolved with 10% ethanol and 40% polyethyleneglycol and applied ultrasonic treatment followed by Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation at 30 degrees C/48 hrs under constant agitation conditions. The in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was determined by measuring hyaluronidase and xanthine oxidase activity. Usage of PEG as a solvent and bioconversion by 8014 strain yielded high phenolic content, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity. Results indicated that the anti-inflammatory activities of propolis samples are highly related to extraction methods. Optimization of extraction and biotransformation methods are subjects of further research. Practical applicationsIn our work, we have developed a new bio-product with reduced allergenicity by biotransformation from different Lactobacillus plantarum strains (10, 8014, ATCC) and propolis extracts prepared by dissolving in different solvents (ethanol, PEG, water). Anti-inflammatory and in-vitro antioxidant effects of this bio-product were investigated. As a result, it was found that in order to obtain a bio-product with high phenolic content and low allergic effect the most suitable bacterial strain was L. plantarum 8014 and the most suitable solvent was PEG. The most important factor limiting the use of propolis in humans is due to the allergenic components in the structure. It is thought that this new bio-product, which has low allergic effect and high antioxidant activity obtained by biotransformation of propolis, may be a new light of hope for people who can not use propolis due to allergic reasons. In the future, this bio-product is thought to provide significant benefits to human health.Aliye Uster Foundation; Ege University Research FoundationEge University [2013-TIP 094]Aliye Uster Foundation and Ege University Research Foundation, 2013-TIP 09