127 research outputs found
Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery: an incidental autopsy finding and its significance in clinical practice
Persistent primitive hypoglossal artery (PPHA) is a recognised, albeit infrequent,
intracranial vascular anomaly usually detected during angiography. Its presence
is associated with an increased incidence of aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation
and ischaemic stroke. A unique case of PHHA discovered during autopsy is
described. Additionally, the significance of PPHA in neuroscience is discussed in
detail
A study on the morphology of the popliteus muscle and arcuate popliteal ligament
The aim of this study was to investigate the origins and morphological features
of the popliteus muscle in cadavers.
In a sample of 40 lower limbs taken from cadavers the exact morphological
features of the popliteus muscle were examined.
In 100% of the cases studied we noticed, apart from the known femoral origin
from the lateral femoral epicondyle, a fibular origin from the styloid process of
the head of the fibula directed obliquely and blending with the main femoral
origin, forming the arms of a Y-shaped structure. In all the cases a capsular
origin was presented, while in 91.67% an origin lateral to it from the superior
border of the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus was found. The capsular
and meniscal origins formed the base of the Y-shaped structure that corresponded
to the known arcuate ligament.
We consider that the additional origins of the popliteus muscle form the arcuate
ligament, which is not a distinct anatomical structure as it is described in traditional
anatomical textbooks. In addition, we have analysed the exact morphological
features of the capsular, fibular and meniscal origins of the popliteal
muscle
The persistence of the sciatic artery
The persistent sciatic artery (PSA) is a rare anatomical variant where the internal
iliac artery and the axial artery of the embryo provide the major supply of the
lower limb, the superficial femoral artery being usually poorly developed or absent.
We describe an extremely large right PSA in a 79-year-old male cadaver
during a medical gross anatomy course, with simultaneous existence of a hypoplastic
superficial and deep femoral artery. The PSA, which was a continuation
of the anterior division of the right internal iliac artery, entered the buttock
through the greater sciatic foramen situated in the gluteal region laterally to the
sciatic nerve and in the mid thigh medially to the same nerve, becoming in the
popliteal fossa the popliteal artery. Neither the superficial nor the deep femoral
artery had communication with the popliteal artery. Because the PSA in our
study was the only blood supply to the lower limb, we present the embryologic
origins and the clinical anatomy of this artery
Evidence of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve entrapment during autopsy
Compression of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm is a rare clinical
entrapment syndrome. This report describes the compression of the lateral
antebrachial cutaneous nerve at the level of the lateral margin of the biceps
brachii tendon identified during autopsy. This is the first cadaveric case reported
in the literature. The anatomy, the possible areas of entrapment, the most
frequent diagnostic problems and the main therapeutic options for this rare
occurrence are also discussed
Bilateral double testicular arteries: a case report and review of the literature. Potential embryological and surgical considerations
The aberrancies concerning the number, origin and course of the testicular arteries are found in an incidence of approximately 4.7–20% in the literature and are documented less frequently than the respective variations of the homonymous veins. In the current study, a very rare complex of testicular arteries’ variations isdescribed, in which the occurrence of bilateral double testicular arteries is recorded. Particularly, apart from the normal testicular arteries on each side, we observed an additional right testicular artery originated from the ipsilateral renal artery and an additional left testicular artery taking its origin from the abdominal aorta just above the renal artery’s origin site; the latter additional testicular artery arched above the left renal vein. Both, the bilateral double testicular arteries accompanied the testicular vein on each side as their satellite arteries. We discuss the potential embryological development of that complex of arterial variants, their likely clinical and surgical applications, as well as we proceed on a brief review of the relevant literature
An accessory middle scalene muscle causing thoracic outlet syndrome
The aim of our study is to present a very rare accessory middle scalene muscle, leading to thoracic outlet syndrome. In particular, a muscular bundle was discovered on a male cadaver connecting the middle portion of the middle scalene muscle with the anterior scalene muscle insertion to Lisfranc`s tubercle. This triangular accessory muscle and, especially, its sharp medial border compressed the middle and lower trunk of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery. This anomaly is of great importance because it emphasises the fact that it is not
primarily the anterior scalene muscle that produces symptoms of thoracic outlet syndrome but the anterior displacement of the middle scalene muscle or its accessory muscular bands. We also present the relative international literature and the clinical significance of our finding
Morphological parameters of the acromion
The purpose of this study was to record the basic morphometric values of the
acromion. Forty-four pairs of dried scapulas were reviewed. Acromial shape
was evaluated in relation to sex, symmetry and presence of subacromial enthesophytes
and classified according to Bigliani with the following results: type I
(flat): 26.1%, type II (curved): 55.6% and type III (hooked): 18.1%. There was
a greater percentage of type III in men (56.2% vs. 43.7%) and type I in women
(56.5% vs. 43.4%). Acromial morphology was symmetric in 29 acromia (65.9%).
Enthesophytes were most common in type III (75%). A rough inferior surface of
the acromion was most frequently found in type III (81.2%). Nine other scapular
osteological parameters were also measured. Many differences were noted
between male and female scapulae. The great variety of morphological features
is assumed to be related to rotator cuff pathology and other shoulder
impairments
Uncomplicated intraoperative evaluation of an aberrant bile duct: a case report and review of the literature
The presence of aberrant bile ducts is a significant risk factor for bile duct injuries during cholecystectomy. Identification of such anatomic anomalies of the biliary tree is crucial to prevent iatrogenic biliary injuries. For that purpose many methods, both preoperative and intraoperative, have been described with controversial results. We present a case of an aberrant right hepatic duct that was found during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the use of intraoperative cholangiography and review the literature
Excavated type of rhomboid fossa of the clavicle: a radiological study
The excavated type of rhomboid fossa of the clavicle is a relatively neglected
anatomical structure that can potentially cause diagnostic problems. Its unilateral
occurrence may be confused by the physician as avascular necrosis, osteomyelitis,
or even a tumour. We studied 80 routine chest radiographs and identified
the clavicles with excavated type of rhomboid fossa. The sex, sidedness,
and handedness were recorded. An excavated type of rhomboid fossa was
present in 43 clavicles (26.88%), appearing more frequently in males than in
females. In addition, the incidence of the excavated type of rhomboid fossa
was greater on the right side than on the left. That type of fossa was also
present more frequently on the right side in right-handed specimens and on
the left side in left-handed specimens. The high incidence of the excavated
type of rhomboid fossa on the dominant hand supports the mechanical theory
of fossa formation. Radiologists and physicians should be aware of this fossa, as
it may resemble a pathological condition
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