Acute lateral ankle sprains in track and field athletes: an expanded classification.

We present a longitudinal observational study on classification of acute lateral ankle ligament injuries in track and field athletes, based on objective criteria. These very common and sometimes troublesome sports injuries are treated functionally, but there is a lack in international literature on predicting the time needed for full recovery. Taking into consideration (1) active range of motion, (2) edema, (3) stress radiographs findings, and (4) full rehabilitation time, we divided grade III sprains in IIIA and IIIB, proposing that these injuries can be classified in four categories (I, II, IIA, IIIB). The range of motion-edema-stress radiographs classification that we propose evaluates the severity of lateral ankle injuries, is an easy and practical method, and predicts full return in athletic activities without residual complaints, if the proper rehabilitation program is executed

Posterior thigh muscle injuries in elite track and field athletes.

INTRODUCTION: Posterior thigh muscle injuries in athletes are common, and prediction of recovery time would be of value. HYPOTHESIS: Knee active range of motion deficit 48 hours after a unilateral posterior thigh muscle injury correlates with time to full recovery. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (prognosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: One hundred sixty-five track and field athletes with acute, first-time, unilateral posterior thigh muscle injuries were prospectively evaluated regarding knee active range of motion deficit. This was compared with the uninjured side 48 hours after injury. A control group was also examined. Ultrasound was used to image the muscle lesion. All athletes were managed nonoperatively with the same rehabilitation protocol. The "full rehabilitation time" (interval from the injury to full athletic activities) was recorded. RESULTS: Range of motion of the affected leg was decreased in the 165 injured athletes compared with the uninjured side and the control group. Sonography identified abnormalities in 55% (90 of 165) of the injured athletes. The biceps femoris was the most commonly affected muscle (68 of 90 [75%]). The musculotendinous junction (proximal or distal) was involved in 93% (85 of 90) of lesions. Eighty-one percent (133 of 165) of athletes had active range of motion deficit of less than 20 degrees, and had returned to full performance at 2 weeks. In 6 of 165 athletes (3.6%), with active range of motion deficit of more than 30 degrees, recovery time exceeded 6 weeks, with a significant correlation between full rehabilitation time and active range of motion deficit (chi(2) = 152.560; P = .0001). CONCLUSION: Knee active range of motion deficit is an objective and accurate measurement, predicting recovery time in elite athletes

Ultrasound as a primary evaluation tool of bone stress injuries in elite track and field athletes.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) to diagnose bone stress injuries. HYPOTHESIS: Therapeutic ultrasound is an accurate, cost-efficient alternative to other imaging methods for primary assessment of bone stress injuries. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. METHODS: One hundred thirteen elite track and field athletes (mean age, 20.1 years; range, 17-28 years) underwent TUS and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for clinical suspicion of a bone stress injury. A 5-stage MRI grading system was used to classify bone stress injuries. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of TUS were calculated using MRI as the standard for diagnosis. RESULTS: At MRI, of 113 assessed patients, 3 (2.7%) had grade 0 injuries, 12 (10.6%) had grade 1, 15 (13.3%) had grade 2, 77 (68.2%) had grade 3, and 6 (5.3%) had grade 4. At TUS, no injury was detected in 22 of 113 patients: 2 with grade 0 injury, 8 with grade 1, 8 with grade 2, and 4 with grade 3. Using MRI as the gold standard, TUS showed 81.8% sensitivity, 66.6% specificity, 99.0% positive predictive value, 13.4% negative predictive value, and 81.4% accuracy. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic ultrasound is a reproducible procedure that is reliable to diagnose bone stress injuries

Blood phosphorus and magnesium levels in 130 elite track and field athletes.

PURPOSE:This study tested the clinical utility and relevance of serum phosphorus and magnesium as markers possibly useful to monitor training in athletes. METHODS: Phosphorus and magnesium serum concentrations of 130 elite track and field athletes (65 males and 65 females, age range 20-30 years) from the National Athletics Sports Medicine Center database in Thessaloniki, Greece were measured. RESULTS: Abnormal results were found in 61 (47%) athletes (32 men and 29 women). In male athletes, serum phosphate was higher than normal in 18% and decreased in 1.5%, whereas serum magnesium concentration was higher in 26%, and lower in 3%. Regarding female athletes, higher serum phosphate and magnesium levels were detected in 26% and 17% respectively, whereas decreased serum magnesium was found in 3%. The most common alterations were higher serum phosphate (29/61, 47%) and magnesium concentrations (28/61, 46%). Abnormalities of serum phosphorus and magnesium concentrations were detected in almost half of the athletes. Hyperphosphataemia and hypermagnesaemia were the most common abnormalities. CONCLUSION: The reference intervals used for general population cannot be used for athletes. Given the lack of pathological manifestations, the physiopathological significance of these findings is uncertain. Further studies on the interpretation of reported ion concentrations in athletes should take in account the type of sport practiced and also the possible variations during the training and competition season