Transport of fungal RAB11 secretory vesicles involves myosin-5, dynein/dynactin/p25, and kinesin-1 and is independent of kinesin-3

15 p.-8 fig.Hyphal tip cells of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans are useful for studying long-range intracellular traffic. Post-Golgi secretory vesicles (SVs) containing the RAB11 orthologue RabE engage myosin-5 as well as plus end– and minus end–directed microtubule motors, providing an experimental system with which to investigate the interplay between microtubule and actin motors acting on the same cargo. By exploiting the fact that depolymerization of F-actin unleashes SVs focused at the apex by myosin-5 to microtubule-dependent motors, we establish that the minus end–directed transport of SVs requires the dynein/dynactin supercomplex. This minus end–directed transport is largely unaffected by genetic ablation of the Hook complex adapting early endosomes (EEs) to dynein but absolutely requires p25 in dynactin. Thus dynein recruitment to two different membranous cargoes, namely EEs and SVs, requires p25, highlighting the importance of the dynactin pointed-end complex to scaffold cargoes. Finally, by studying the behavior of SVs and EEs in null and rigor mutants of kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 (UncA and KinA, respectively), we demonstrate that KinA is the major kinesin mediating the anterograde transport of SVs. Therefore SVs arrive at the apex of A. nidulans by anterograde transport involving cooperation of kinesin-1 with myosin-5 and can move away from the apex powered by dynein.This work was funded by grants from the Spanish Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (BIO2012-30965 and BIO2015-65090-R) and the Comunidad de Madrid (Grant S2010/ BMD-2414) to M.A.P. and from the National Institutes of Health (RO1 GM097580) and the Uniformed Services University (intramural grant BIO-71-1972) to X.X.Peer reviewe

Mutational analysis and modeling reveal functionally critical residues in transmembrane segments 1 and 3 of the UapA transporter

Earlier, we identified mutations in the first transmembrane segment (TMS1) of UapA, a uric acid-xanthine transporter in Aspergillus nidulans, that affect its turnover and subcellular localization. Here, we use one of these mutations (H86D) and a novel mutation (I74D) as well as genetic suppressors of them, to show that TMS1 is a key domain for proper folding, trafficking and turnover. Kinetic analysis of mutants further revealed that partial misfolding and deficient trafficking of UapA does not affect its affinity for xanthine transport, but reduces that of uric acid and confers a degree of promiscuity towards the binding of other purines. This result strengthens the idea that subtle interactions among domains not directly involved in substrate binding refine the selectivity of UapA. Characterization of second-site suppressors of H86D revealed a genetic interaction of TMS1 with TMS3, the latter segment shown for the first time to be important for UapA function. Systematic mutational analysis of polar and conserved residues in TMS3 showed that Ser154 is crucial for UapA transport activity. Our results are in agreement with a topological model of UapA built on the recently published structure of UraA, a bacterial homolog of UapA

Cisternal maturation within the Aspergillus nidulans golgi visualized in vivo

3 p.Peer reviewe

New interfacial microtubule inhibitors of marine origin, PM050489/PM060184, with potent antitumor activity and a distinct mechanism

We have investigated the target and mechanism of action of a new family of cytotoxic small molecules of marine origin. PM050489 and its dechlorinated analogue PM060184 inhibit the growth of relevant cancer cell lines at subnanomolar concentrations. We found that they are highly potent microtubule inhibitors that impair mitosis with a distinct molecular mechanism. They bind with nanomolar affinity to unassembled αβ-tubulin dimers, and PM050489 binding is inhibited by known Vinca domain ligands. NMR TR-NOESY data indicated that a hydroxyl-containing analogue, PM060327, binds in an extended conformation, and STD results define its binding epitopes. Distinctly from vinblastine, these ligands only weakly induce tubulin self-association, in a manner more reminiscent of isohomohalichondrin B than of eribulin. PM050489, possibly acting like a hinge at the association interface between tubulin heterodimers, reshapes Mg2+-induced 42 S tubulin double rings into smaller 19 S single rings made of 7 ± 1 αβ-tubulin dimers. PM060184-resistant mutants of Aspergillus nidulans map to β-tubulin Asn100, suggesting a new binding site different from that of vinblastine at the associating β-tubulin end. Inhibition of assembly dynamics by a few ligand molecules at the microtubule plus end would explain the antitumor activity of these compounds, of which PM060184 is undergoing clinical trials.We wish to thank J. M. Fernandez Sousa (PharmaMar) for useful discussions and support, E. Hamel (NCI) for providing eribulin, C. Scazzocchio and G. Diallinas for useful advice on mutant screening, H. N. Arst for advice on mutant screening and mapping and for kindly providing strains MAD3688 and MAD4655, T. J. Fitzgerald (A&M University) for MTC and C. Alfonso (CIB) for AUC analysis. We also thank Rhône Poulenc Rorer Aventis for supplying docetaxel and Matadero Municipal Vicente de Lucas de Segovia for providing the calf brains for tubulin purification. B.P. had a contract from Comunidad de Madrid, and A.C. had a Ramon y Cajal contract, J.R.-S. had a fellowship from “Programa de Cooperación Científica entre el Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnologías y Medio Ambiente de la República de Cuba (CITMA) y el CSIC”. This work was supported by grants BIO2010-16351 (J.F.D.), BQU2009-08536 (J.J.-B.), CAM S2010/BMD-2457 (J.F.D.), CAM S2010/BMD-2353 (J.J.-B., J.M.A.), IPT-2011-0752-900000 and BIO2012-30965 (M.A.P.), BFU2011-23416 (J.M.A.) and PharmaMar-CSIC contracts

The Golgi apparatus: insights from filamentous fungi

20 p.-2 fig.Cargo passage through the Golgi, albeit an undoubtedly essential cellular function, is a mechanistically unresolved and much debated process. Although the main molecular players are conserved, diversification of the Golgi among different eukaryotic lineages is providing us with tools to resolve standing controversies. During the past decade the Golgi apparatus of model filamentous fungi, mainly Aspergillus nidulans, has been intensively studied. Here an overview of the most important findings in the field is provided. Golgi architecture and dynamics, as well as the novel cell biology tools that were developed in filamentous fungi in these studies, are addressed. An emphasis is placed on the central role the Golgi has as a crossroads in the endocytic and secretory-traffic pathways in hyphae. Finally the major advances that the A. nidulans Golgi biology has yielded so far regarding our understanding of key Golgi regulators, such as the Rab GTPases RabCRab6 and RabERab11, the oligomeric transport protein particle, TRAPPII, and the Golgi guanine nucleotide exchange factors of Arf1,GeaAGBF1/Gea1 and HypBBIG/Sec7, are highlighted.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (Spain) Grant BIO2012-30965 and Comunidad de Madrid Grant S2010/BMD-2414 to Miguel Peñalva.Peer reviewe

Rapid disorganization of the Golgi apparatus by blocking the exit of COPII traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum

3 p.Peer reviewe

Characterization of Aspergillus nidulans RabC/Rab6

21 páginas, 11 figuras -- PAGS nros. 386-406The Aspergillus nidulans Golgi is not stacked. Early and late Golgi equivalents (GEs) are intermingled but can be resolved by epifluorescence microscopy. RabC, the Aspergillus ortholog of mammalian Rab6, is present across the Golgi, preferentially associated with early GEs near the tip and with late GEs in tip-distal regions. rabCΔ mutants, showing markedly impaired apical extension, have conspicuously fragmented, brefeldin A-insensitive early and late GEs, indicating that the Golgi network organization requires RabC. rabCΔ Golgi fragmentation is paralleled by an increase in early endosome abundance. rabCΔ reduces extracellular levels of the major secretable protease, suggesting that it impairs secretion. Notably, the Spitzenkörper, an apical intracellular structure in which secretory carriers accumulate awaiting fusion with the adjacent plasma membrane (PM), contains RabC. rabCΔ leads to abnormally increased accumulation of carriers, detectable with secretory v-SNARE GFP-SynA and FM4-64, in this structure. VpsTVps10, present across the Golgi, recycles between endosomes and Golgi and is mislocalized to a cytosolic haze by rabCΔ that, in contrast, does not affect SynA recycling between endosomes and the PM, indicating that SynA follows a RabC-independent pathway. tlg2Δ mutants grow normally but are synthetically lethal with rabCΔ, indicating that RabC plays Tlg2-independent rolesWork supported by Grants BIO2010-7281 (Dirección General de Investigación, Spain) and SAL/0246/2006 (Comunidad de Madrid) to M. A. P. A. P. was supported by an FEBS postdoctoral fellowship. We thank Elena Reoyo for technical assistance, Antonio Galindo for the cDNA of RabC, Juan F. Abenza for tlg2Δ strains, Mario Pinar for unpublished data on Ansed5Δ, Herb Arst for critically reading the manuscript, Margaret Katz for her generous help with extracellular protease assays and two anonymous referees for their useful suggestionsPeer reviewe

Organization and Dynamics of the Aspergillus nidulans Golgi during Apical Extension and Mitosis

Aspergillus nidulans hyphae grow exclusively by apical extension. Golgi equivalents (GEs) labeled with mRFP-tagged PHOSBP domain form a markedly polarized, dynamic network of ring-shaped and fenestrated cisternae that remains intact during “closed” mitosis. mRFP-PHOSBP GEs advance associated with the growing apex where secretion predominates but do not undergo long-distance movement toward the tip that could account for their polarization. mRFP-PHOSBP GEs overlap with the trans-Golgi resident Sec7 but do not colocalize with also polarized accretions of the early Golgi marker GrhAGrh1-GFP, indicating that early and late Golgi membranes segregate spatially. AnSec23-GFP ER exit sites (ERES) are numerous, relatively static foci localizing across the entire cell. However, their density is greatest near the tip, correlating with predominance of early and trans-Golgi elements in this region. Whereas GrhA-GFP structures and ERES reach the apical dome, mRFP-PHOSBP GEs are excluded from this region, which contains the endosome dynein loading zone. After latrunculin-mediated F-actin disruption, mRFP-PHOSBP GEs fragment and, like AnSec23-GFP ERES, depolarize. Brefeldin A transiently collapses late and early GEs into distinct aggregates containing Sec7/mRFP-PHOSBP and GrhA-GFP, respectively, temporarily arresting apical extension. Rapid growth reinitiates after washout, correlating with reacquisition of the normal Golgi organization that, we conclude, is required for apical extension

Autophagy in aspergillus nidulans.The ER as a possible source of membranes for autophagy

3 p.Peer reviewe