Thermal Study of 155 mm Gun Barrel

Thermal analysis of 155 Gun barrel is an important aspect of designing the gun barrel and deciding the maximum firing rate. The performance of any artillery depends upon the thermal behaviour of the gun barrel among various factors, and its availability for continuous firing depends on the maximum bore temperature and cook-off time of the barrel. In this paper, the effect of maximum bore temperature, cook-off, active cooling is reviewed. Heat transfer to the gun barrel surface is calculated using analytical analysis with given ammunition parameters. Analytical and finite element analysis of maximum bore temperature and cook-off time is also included. Finite element analysis of external Jacket water cooling of the barrel shows that the gun can fire continuously at three rounds per minute without reaching cook-off temperature

CONFORMERS OF L-GLUTAMIC ACID: MATRIX ISOLATION FTIR AND AB-INITIO STUDIES.

L-glutamic acid is most abundant free amino acid in brain and it is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the vertebrate central nervous system and known to play an important role in neural differentiation process of a developing brain. Study of the rich conformational landscape of L-glutamic acid can serve as basis to understand interactions of this amino acid with other biomolecules and receptors present in central nervous system.\footnote{Tapiero, H.; Mathe, G.; Couvreur, P.; Tew, K. D. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2002, 56, 446-457.} L-glutamic acid was trapped in an inert gas matrix by employing a heated nozzle to provide an effusive molecular beam and the various conformers of the amino acid trapped in the matrix were then characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. \textit {Ab-initio} calculations were also performed, using MP2/6-311++G(d,p) and M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theories, to corroborate with experimental observations. A comprehensive scan of the potential energy surface was performed to arrive at the various conformers of L-glutamic acid, which were further classified based on their backbone structure. The tendency of lower energy conformers to adopt certain backbone structures has been pictorially represented using a ‘conformational dartboard’. Factors such as intramolecular H-bonding, delocalized orbital interactions and entropy were found to determine conformational preferences in L-glutamic acid, which will be discussed

On Fixed Point Theorem in Fuzzy Metric Spaces

Abstract: - The Purpose of this paper, we prove common fixed point theorem using new continuity condition in fuzzy metric spaces. Keywords: - Compatible maps, R-weakly commuting maps, reciprocal continuity. Mathematics subject classification: - 47H10, 54H25

THE CONFORMATIONAL LANDSCAPE OF L-THREONINE: MATRIX ISOLATION INFRARED AND AB-INITIO STUDIES

Amino acids, containing hydroxy side chains such as L-threonine and tyrosine play an important role in molecular recognition, such as in the docking of propofol, which is a commonly used anaesthetic. A rich conformational landscape of these amino acids makes them interesting candidates in the study of intra and intermolecular interactions. In this work, the conformational landscape of L-threonine was studied, as it can be expected to serve as a basis for understanding structure and functions of polypeptides and other biomolecules. The matrix isolation technique (MI) coupled with a high temperature effusive molecular beam (EMB) nozzle was used to trap conformers of amino acid, which were then characterized using FTIR spectroscopy. The usefulness of MI-EMB-FTIR spectroscopy is that it can trap structures corresponding to the local minima along with the global minimum and hence allows for a better exploration of the potential energy surface. A major challenge in conformational analysis of amino acids using matrix isolation FTIR arises from its non-volatile nature. A home built heating system which was mounted close to the cryotip, was used to evaporate the non-volatile amino acids. Our infrared spectra show that three conformations were trapped in the matrix. Experimental results were supported by textit {ab-initio} calculations performed using the CCSD(T), MP2 and M06-2X methods together with 6-311++G(d,p) and aug/cc-pVDZ basis sets. The side chains of the amino acids appeared to have an influence on the preferential stabilisation of a particular backbone structure of amino acids. Factors such as entropy, anomeric effect and intramolecular H-bonding were also found to play an important role in determining conformal preferences, which will be discussed

Plant growth promoting and antagonistic Enterobacter sp. EPR4 from common bean rhizosphere of garhwal himalayan inhibits a soil-borne pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

Plant growth stimulating and antagonistic properties of 7 bacterial isolates of beneficial Enterobacter spp. (EPR1- EPR7) screened from the rhizospheric soil of Phaseolus vulgaris plants growing in Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India was studied against soil borne phytopathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes root rots in various crops. Among the isolates, EPR4 showed 64.8% reduction in colony growth of the fungal pathogen in dual culture. All seven isolates are capable of producing Indole Acetic Acid (IAA), but EPR4 also produced cyanogens, solubilized inorganic and organic phosphate, siderophore, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) deamininase, and extracellular enzymes like chitinase which inhibited the phytopathogen. For the EPR4 strain, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was followed by NCBI - BLAST similarity showed the maximum sequence similarity (100%) with the species of Enterobacter (available on NCBI data base), and recognized as Enterobacter sp. EPR4 (GenBank accession number JN225424). The Enterobacter sp. EPR4 has the potential to be used as a biocontrol agent against S. sclerotiorum as well as a good plant growth promoter for common bean and other crops grown in India's Garhwal Himalaya

Synthesis, Characterization And Antimicrobial Activity Of Novel Substituted Aryl- 1,3,4-Oxadiazolo-[3,2-A]-1,3,5-Triazine Derivatives

Bioactive heterocyclic rings 1,3,4-oxadiazole and 1,3,5-triazine are fused with expectation of enhanced biological activity of the newly synthesized compounds. Hence Synthesized fused heterocyclic compounds as a substituted aryl- 1,3,4-oxadiazolo-[3,2-a]-1,3,5-triazine derivatives The structures of all the compounds were confirmed by physical and spectral analysis. The newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacterial strains and fungal strains. Some of these compounds have shown significant antibacterial and antifungal activity

A Review on Drug of Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), their Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Hypertension, specifically pulmonary hypertension, is a syndromethat can affect pediatric patients as well as adults. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in pediatric patients, while rare, can be a lifethreateningcondition. There is no cure for PAH, only treatment options forchildren that are largely based on the results of adult studies. These therapies, however, can improve quality of life and survival. Treatment can be challenging because of the less approved medications and tolerable dosage forms for pediatric patients. Pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) shares common features of adult disease, but is associated with several additional disorders and challenges that require unique approaches. Current classes of medications primarily used to treat pediatric hypertension include phosphodiesterase inhibitors, endothelin receptor antagonists, and prostacyclins. Additional agents that may be utilized in selected pediatric patients include calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, and inhalednitric oxide. Updates are provided on issues related to utility of the previous classification system to reflect pediatric-specific aetiologies and approaches to medical and interventional management of PAH. Also updates are provided about currently available drug substance and their details, pharmaceutical dosage forms and their details along with the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics of the drug. These emerging data are improving the identification of appropriate targets for goal-oriented therapy inchildren. Such data will likely improve future advanced pharmaceutical dosage development and product design to enhance outcomes in pediatric PAH. Keywords: Pulmonary arterial hypertension, pediatric hypertension, PA

Comparison of open reduction and internal fixation by lateral extensile approach versus minimal invasive percutaneous fixation (Essex Lopresti) for the management of Sanders type 2 and 3 calcaneum fractures: a prospective, two-arm, parallel group study

Background: Calcaneum is one of the most common tarsal bone to get fractured accounting for around 50-60% of all tarsal fractures. Due to lack of Indian studies comparing the outcomes of fracture calcaneus managed by operative methods of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) versus the percutaneous minimal invasive approach (Essex Lopresti); we decided to conduct one such study. Methods: Adult patients with intra-articular Sander type 2 and 3 calcaneum fractures, managed by ORIF or Essex Lopresti were enrolled. The clinical outcomes (VAS score for pain, range of motion), radiological outcomes (Bohler’s and Crucial angle of Gissane) and functional outcomes (American orthopedic foot and ankle society (AOFAS) and Maryland foot score) were assessed at 6th month and 1-year post intervention and compared. Results: 117 patients managed with percutaneous fixation (n=63) or ORIF (n=54) were enrolled. Mean age of patients was 42.63±7.93 years. Mean VAS score was statistically comparable in both operative groups at 6th month and 1 year (p>0.05). Mean dorsiflexion and eversion angles were significantly higher in plating group at 6th month (p<0.05) while other movements were comparable in both the groups. Mean Bohler’s angle, Gissane’s angle, AOFAS and Maryland scores were found to be comparable in both groups (p>0.05) on follow-up. Both groups showed similar complications trend. Conclusions: Percutaneous fixation and plating methods were found to be comparable for calcaneus fracture management based on clinical, functional and radiological outcomes with similar complication rates

Impact of air–sea coupling on the simulation of Indian summer monsoon using a high-resolution Regional Earth System Model over CORDEX-SA

A new high-resolution Regional Earth System Model, namely ROM, has been implemented over CORDEX-SA towards examining the impact of air–sea coupling on the Indian summer monsoon characteristics. ROM's simulated mean ISM rainfall and associated dynamical and thermodynamical processes, including the representation of northward and eastward propagating convention bands, are closer to observation than its standalone atmospheric model component (REMO), highlighting the advantage of air–sea coupling. However, the value addition of air–sea coupling varies spatially with more significant improvements over regions with large biases. Bay of Bengal and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean are the most prominent region where the highest added value is observed with a significant reduction up to 50–500% precipitation bias. Most of the changes in precipitation over the ocean are associated with convective precipitation (CP) due to the suppression of convective activity caused by the negative feedback due to the inclusion of air–sea coupling. However, CP and large-scale precipitation (LP) improvements show east–west asymmetry over the Indian land region. The substantial LP bias reduction is noticed over the wet bias region of western central India due to its suppression, while enhanced CP over eastern central India contributed to the reduction of dry bias. An insignificant change is noticed over Tibetan Plateau, northern India, and Indo Gangetic plains. The weakening of moisture-laden low-level Somalia Jets causes the diminishing of moisture supply from the Arabian Sea (AS) towards Indian land regions resulting in suppressed precipitation, reducing wet bias, especially over western central India. The anomalous high kinetic energy over AS, wind shear, and tropospheric temperature gradient in REMO compared to observation is substantially reduced in the ROM, facilitating the favourable condition for suppressing moisture feeding and hence the wet bias over west-central India in ROM. The warmer midlatitude in ROM than REMO over eastern central India strengthens the convection, enhancing precipitation results in reducing the dry bias. Despite substantially improved ROM’performance, it still exhibits some systematic biases (wet/dry) partially associated with the persistent warm/cold SST bias and land–atmosphere interaction

Demonstrating the asymmetry of the Indian Ocean Dipole response in regional earth system model of CORDEX-SA

An accurate representation of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) is crucial for the reliable projection of Indian summer monsoon rainfall, making it necessary to improve the understanding of the response of the IOD in the warming climate. For the first time, a high-resolution regional earth system model (RESM) over the CORDEX-SA domain is used to investigate the IOD characteristics. The model performance is evaluated in simulating the IOD and associated mechanism. RESM shows a good resemblance in simulating IOD phases (positive and negative). However, the systematic discrepancy is observed in magnitude. Additionally, RESM well represented the positive IOD's inter-event variability. For example, the stronger event dominated by significant cold anomalies over Sumatra with enhanced westward-extended while a moderate event shows weak cooling confined to the region of Sumatra. Additionally, RESM shows potential to distinguish the ENSO and non-ENSO years with more remarkable skill in representing the spatial pattern of SST over IOD region during non-ESNO years than ENSO years. The RESM realistically simulated the IOD amplitude with greater skill than CMIP5/6 models reported in the earlier studies, indicating reliability towards the projection of the Indian summer monsoon. The weaker IOD-ENSO relationship is caused by producing the more significant number of IOD during non-ENSO years. Despite this reliable fidelity, IOD's slightly earlier peak is driven by the early establishment of low-level equatorial easterly wind. This study provided valuable insight into the IOD's different phases, responsible forcings, and limitations of the RESM in accounting for the role of internal climate variability that can be useful for further improvement in the model physics