1-(3-Phenyl­prop-2-yn­yl)pyrrolidinium chloride

The title compound C13H16N+·Cl−, an achiral salt, was synthesized by a three-component coupling reaction in the presence of copper(I) iodide. The configuration of five-membered ring is close to an envelope conformation. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter­molecular C—H⋯Cl and N—H⋯Cl inter­actions

Evaluation of a Product Development Process through Uncertainty Analysis Techniques

For any product development process, limited time and resources are always a focus for the engineer. However, will the overall program goals be achieved with the provided time and resources? Uncertainty analysis is a tool that is capable of providing the answer to that question. Product development process uncertainty analysis employs previous knowledge in modeling, experimentation, and manufacturing in an innovative approach for analyzing the entire process. This research was initiated with a pilot project, a four-bar-slider mechanism, and an uncertainty analysis was completed for each individual product development step. The uncertainty of the final product was then determined by combining uncertainties from the individual steps. The uncertainty percentage contributions of each term to the uncertainty of the final product were also calculated. The combination of uncertainties in the individual steps and calculation of the percentage contributions of the terms have not been done in the past. New techniques were developed to evaluate the entire product development process in an uncertainty sense. The techniques developed in this work will be extended to other processes in future work

3-D measurement of solder paste using two-step phase shift profilometry

A two-step phase shift profilometry method (2-step PSP) with prefiltering and postfiltering stages is proposed to reconstruct the 3-D profile of solder paste. Two sinusoidal patterns which are π-out-of-phase are used in the 3-D reconstruction. The new method uses only two fringe patterns rather than four as the four-step phase shift profilometry (4-step PSP). In Fourier transform profilometry (FTP), a bandpass filter is required to extract the fundamental spectrum from the background and higher order harmonics due to camera noise and imperfectness of the pattern projector. By using two π-out-of-phase sinusoidal fringe patterns, the background term can be eliminated directly by taking the average of the two fringe patterns. The fringe pattern which is close to its ideal form can also be recovered from the averaging process. Prefiltering is utilized in filtering raw images to remove noise causing higher order harmonics. Hilbert transform is then used to obtain the in-quadrate component of the processed fringe pattern. Postfiltering is applied for reconstructing an appropriate 3-D profile. © 2008 IEEE.published_or_final_versio

Problems and Suggestions on Teaching Objectives for Chinese Hanban Teachers in the United States

Teaching objectives are the premise and foundation of effective classroom teaching. This research presents the identified problems in the Chinese language teaching objectives development by Hanban teachers, such as insufficient attention, unreasonable design, inaccurate expression and so on. In view of these problems, this paper also puts forward some suggestions on how to design scientific, reasonable and practical teaching objectives to improve the efficiency of classroom teaching

People that are nervous: attributions of humanness in third-person pronouns?

Haslam and colleagues proposed that humanness consists of uniquely human (UH) traits and human nature (HN) traits; artists and animals were associated with HN traits, whereas businesspeople and automata were associated with UH traits. The current study explored the influence of third person pronoun referents 'who' or 'that' on attributions of humanness for four categories (animals, named animals, automata and people). Preliminary pilot testing with 20 professional copyeditors, proofreaders and writers ensured that items in the categories were representative. In the experiment, sixty university students performed a semantic attribution task where they were shown a phrase containing one category item with either 'who' or 'that' (e.g. elephants who are…) and then two words (UH/HN pairs, e.g. polite/curious) from which they selected the option most meaningfully suited to the phrase. Trials were randomized so that participants saw each category item paired with 'who' or 'that' and with six UH/HN word pairs, which carried an equal number of positive and negative connotations. A repeated measures 4 (people, automata, animals, named animals) x 2 (HN traits, UH traits) x 2 (who, that) ANOVA was used to analyse the data

Adopting Circuit Breakers for High Voltage DC networks : Appropriating the vast advantages of DC transmission grids

Acknowledgement Research work is in part funded by National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFB0902400).Peer reviewedPostprin

Chinese Language Teacher Competency: A Literature Review for a Study Series

This literature study reviews the definition and the most significant research studies of teacher competency. A chronological order, from the 20th to the 21st century, is followed to introduce the development of the teacher competency. The current status of the Chinese (as a foreign language) teacher competency research is also revealed, which shows a big gap that needs to be filled