<i>Medicago truncatula</i> functional genomics: an invaluable resource for studies on agriculture sustainability

Legume functional genomics has moved many steps forward in the last two decades thanks to the improvement of genomics technologies and to the efforts of the research community. Tools for functional genomics studies are now available in Lotus japonicus, Medicago truncatula and soybean. In this chapter we focus on M.truncatula, as a model species for forage legumes, on the main achievements obtained due to the reported resources and on the future perspectives for the study of gene function in this species

The Enforceability of Subsidiarity in the EU and the Ethos of Cooperative Federalism

In this article I will tackle the issue of the enforceability of subsidiarity in the EU and, more specifically, I will deal with the following questions: if and to what extent subsidiarity is justiciable; if the full justiciability of subsidiarity would be politically sustainable; and if there are any alternatives to the judicial enforcement of subsidiarity. I will argue that subsidiarity is justiciable, even though its judicial enforcement should be limited to particular situations. I will also argue that full justiciability of subsidiarity would be politically unsustainable in the long run and that a balanced combination of judicial review, procedural ar-rangements and political cooperation is the only alternative to an all-encompassing judicial enforcement of subsidiarity. In tackling this issue I will use a comparative law approach in that I will make extensive reference to the legal systems of Germany and Italy

Multi-Level Governance as a Constitu-tional Principle in the EU Legal System

In this article, I will examine the notion of multi-level governance in the EU (MLG) as developed by the Committee of the Regions in the 2009 White Paper on MLG. I will analyse MLG from a legal perspective to identify its legal basis. I will sketch out the nature of MLG as a procedural principle in the EU legal system and will identify four functions of MLG: shaping the EU as a polity; shaping future developments in EU law; shaping the behaviour of political actors within the EU; shaping the interpretation of EU law by the CJEU

Deaf Studies on the English Curriculum

What do we mean by Deaf Studies ? Where is its place in the schools and classes for the deaf? How do we teach it? Before we attempt to answer these questions, let us consider some of the more salient trends in contemporary education and the problem of teaching our multi-cultured society

The Contribution of Local and Regional Authorities to a 'Good' System of Governance within the EU

The participation of the local and regional authorities in EU processes should be promoted and enhanced by the EU, the Member States and the same local/regional authorities. These should perform a stronger role in the constitutional architecture of the EU. In this way they would contribute more effectively to a limited, balanced and le-gitimate system of governance based on constitutionalism within the EU. The participation of sub-national authorities in the EU has the po-tential to reconcile European integration with the multi-level systems of governance of the Member States; to strengthen the legitimacy of EU and national (EU-related) decision-making processes; to reinforce the legal limitation of the decision-making power of both Union insti-tutions and national authorities

Heat transfer in a recirculation zone at steady-state and oscillating conditions - the back facing step test case

Steady state and transient heat transfer is a very important aspect of any combustion process. To properly simulate gas to wall heat transfer in a turbulent flow, an accurate prediction of the flow and the thermal boundary layer is required. A typical gas turbine combustion chamber flow presents similarities with the academic backward facing step case, especially in the near wall regions where the heat transfer phenomena take place. For this reason, due to its simple geometry and the availability of well documented experiments, the backward facing step with wall heat transfer represents an interesting validation case. Results of steady-state and transient calculations with the use of various turbulence models are compared here with available experimental data