PLEKHA7 Is an Adherens Junction Protein with a Tissue Distribution and Subcellular Localization Distinct from ZO-1 and E-Cadherin

The pleckstrin-homology-domain-containing protein PLEKHA7 was recently identified as a protein linking the E-cadherin-p120 ctn complex to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Here we characterize the expression, tissue distribution and subcellular localization of PLEKHA7 by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence microscopy, immunoelectron microscopy, and northern blotting in mammalian tissues. Anti-PLEKHA7 antibodies label the junctional regions of cultured kidney epithelial cells by immunofluorescence microscopy, and major polypeptides of Mr ∼135 kDa and ∼145 kDa by immunoblotting of lysates of cells and tissues. Two PLEKHA7 transcripts (∼5.5 kb and ∼6.5 kb) are detected in epithelial tissues. PLEKHA7 is detected at epithelial junctions in sections of kidney, liver, pancreas, intestine, retina, and cornea, and its tissue distribution and subcellular localization are distinct from ZO-1. For example, PLEKHA7 is not detected within kidney glomeruli. Similarly to E-cadherin, p120 ctn, β-catenin and α-catenin, PLEKHA7 is concentrated in the apical junctional belt, but unlike these adherens junction markers, and similarly to afadin, PLEKHA7 is not localized along the lateral region of polarized epithelial cells. Immunoelectron microscopy definitively establishes that PLEKHA7 is localized at the adherens junctions in colonic epithelial cells, at a mean distance of 28 nm from the plasma membrane. In summary, we show that PLEKHA7 is a cytoplasmic component of the epithelial adherens junction belt, with a subcellular localization and tissue distribution that is distinct from that of ZO-1 and most AJ proteins, and we provide the first description of its distribution and localization in several tissues

Molecular interactions and junctional recruitment of paracingulin : identification and characterization of a new adherens junction protein, PLEKHA7

Epithelial cells are characterized by a junctional complex, which consists of tight junctions (TJ), adherens junctions (AJ) and desmosomes (D). The junctional complex is formed by both integral membrane proteins, which allow adhesion and form a paracellular barrier, and cytoplasmic proteins, which connect transmembrane proteins to the cytoskeleton and have signalling functions. Understanding how the junctional complex is assembled and regulated is of fundamental importance for epithelial physiology. Paracingulin is a cytoplasmic protein of TJ and AJ, which regulates the activity of small GTPases, RhoA and Rac1. In this work we characterize the molecular interactions of paracingulin at epithelial junctions, and show that paracingulin forms a complex with ZO-1, cingulin, E-cadherin, PLEKHA7 and p120ctn. We provide the first characterization of expression and tissue distribution of PLEKHA7, a paracingulin-binding protein, and we demonstrate that PLEKHA7 recruits paracingulin to AJ, whereas ZO-1 targets paracingulin to TJ

The localization and distribution of PLEKHA7 and ZO-1 are distinct.

<p>Double immunofluorescence labeling of PLEKHA7 and ZO-1 in mouse kidney cortex (A-A”), cornea (B-B”), brain (C-C”), and duodenum (D-D”, E-E”, F-F”). Arrows indicate junctions where PLEKHA7 and ZO-1 labeling appear co-localized. Arrowheads indicate junctions that show stronger or only labeling for either PLEKHA7 (B-B”) or ZO-1 (A-A”, C-C”, F-F”). Double arrowheads in A-A″ indicate kidney tubules that show weaker ZO-1 labeling. Merge images show nuclei labeled in blue by DAPI. Bar = 10 µm.</p

PLEKHA7 is localized at cell-cell junctions in epithelial tissues.

<p>Immunofluorescent analysis of PLEKHA7 distribution in kidney (A), pancreas (B), liver (C), duodenum (D), heart (E) and retina (F), using polyclonal immune serum, and pan-cadherin distribution in heart (E′). Arrows indicate junctions between epithelial cells, except in E′, where the arrow indicates intercalated disks. The arrowhead in A indicates weaker junctional labeling in a subset of cortical tubules. The arrowhead in D indicates apical staining in longitudinally sectioned columnar epithelial cells. The asterisk in D indicates non-specific labeling of mucus in goblet cells. The arrowhead in F indicates staining in the outer limiting membrane of the retina. Bar = 10 µm.</p

Characterization of anti-PLEKHA7 antibodies, and expression of PLEKHA7 in cells and tissues.

<p><b>A.</b> Schematic diagram of the domain organization of PLEKHA7, showing WW, pleckstrin-homology (PH), proline-rich (Pro), and coiled-coil (cc) domains. The C-terminal region comprising the sequences of PLEKHA7 used to generate the GST-fusion protein is indicated (antigen, residues 821–1121). <b>B.</b> Immunoblotting analysis of lysates of mouse (mpkCCDc14) and dog (MDCK) renal epithelial cells, and PLEKHA7 antigen (see (A)) using rabbit immune and pre-immune sera, and mouse monoclonal antibody 16G2. A polypeptide of M_r ∼145 kDa and the antigen (∼ 50 kDa) are specifically labeled by both antibodies. In addition, the immune serum labels additional polypeptides of smaller size, which may in part derive from proteolytic degradation of full-length PLEKHA7, and in part from non-specific cross-reaction. Apparent sizes of molecular size markers are indicated (kDa). <b>C.</b> Immunoblotting analysis of lysates of three clonal lines of MDCK cells depleted of PLEKHA7 by shRNA-mediated silencing, using the monoclonal antibody 16G2, or anti-β-tubulin antibodies (to normalize protein loadings). <b>D.</b> Immunofluorescence microscopy analysis of exogenous human PLEKHA7 expressed in canine MDCK cells (left) and endogenous PLEKHA7 in mouse mpkCCDc14 cells (right), using either immune or pre-immune rabbit serum (Bar = 15 µm). Note that by immunofluorescence microscopy the rabbit immune serum does not recognize canine PLEKHA7, but only the exogenously expressed human protein. <b>E.</b> Immunoblotting analysis of PLEKHA7 in lysates of epithelial tissues, using either polyclonal anti-PLEKHA7 immune serum, or anti-β-tubulin antibodies. Arrowheads on the right indicate major polypeptides labeled by the polyclonal antiserum, with apparent sizes of M_r ∼240 kDa, M_r ∼145 kDa, and M_r ∼135 kDa. <b>F.</b> Northern blot analysis of a human multiple tissue array of total RNA, hybridized using specific PLEKHA7 (top panel) and actin (bottom panel) DIG-labelled probes. Arrowheads on the right indicate that PLEKHA7 mRNA is detected as two bands of ∼5.5 kb and ∼6.5 kb.</p

In bronchial epithelial cells PLEKHA7 colocalizes with AJ proteins, but does not localize along lateral walls.

<p>Double immunofluorescence labeling of PLEKHA7 with p120ctn (A-A”), β-catenin (B-B″), phalloidin (C-C″), afadin (D-D″), E-cadherin (E-I, merge images only), and ZO-1 (J-K, merge images only) in sections of lung (bronchial cells). Arrowheads indicate colocalization between PLEKHA7 and AJ marker. Arrows indicate staining of AJ markers along lateral walls, that is not colocalized with PLEKHA7, except for panels J-K, where arrows indicate apical staining for ZO-1. Asterisks (E-K) indicate PLEKHA7 labeling apical to the region of colocalization with AJ markers at the AJ belt (E-I), and that is spatially distinct from ZO-1 (J-K). Merge images show nuclei labeled in blue by DAPI. Bar = 10 µm (A-D) and 0.5 µm (E-K).</p

Human skeletal myotubes display a cell-autonomous circadian clock implicated in basal myokine secretion

Objective: Circadian clocks are functional in all light-sensitive organisms, allowing an adaptation to the external world in anticipation of daily environmental changes. In view of the potential role of the skeletal muscle clock in the regulation of glucose metabolism, we aimed to characterize circadian rhythms in primary human skeletal myotubes and investigate their roles in myokine secretion. Methods: We established a system for long-term bioluminescence recording in differentiated human myotubes, employing lentivector gene delivery of the Bmal1-luciferase and Per2-luciferase core clock reporters. Furthermore, we disrupted the circadian clock in skeletal muscle cells by transfecting siRNA targeting CLOCK. Next, we assessed the basal secretion of a large panel of myokines in a circadian manner in the presence or absence of a functional clock. Results: Bioluminescence reporter assays revealed that human skeletal myotubes, synchronized in vitro, exhibit a self-sustained circadian rhythm, which was further confirmed by endogenous core clock transcript expression. Moreover, we demonstrate that the basal secretion of IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1 by synchronized skeletal myotubes has a circadian profile. Importantly, the secretion of IL-6 and several additional myokines was strongly downregulated upon siClock-mediated clock disruption. Conclusions: Our study provides for the first time evidence that primary human skeletal myotubes possess a high-amplitude cell-autonomous circadian clock, which could be attenuated. Furthermore, this oscillator plays an important role in the regulation of basal myokine secretion by skeletal myotubes

Autonomous and self-sustained circadian oscillators displayed in human islet cells

Following on from the emerging importance of the pancreas circadian clock on islet function and the development of type 2 diabetes in rodent models, we aimed to examine circadian gene expression in human islets. The oscillator properties were assessed in intact islets as well as in beta cells