Neoplasia endocrina múltiple tipo 2 en la Región de Murcia. Estudio clínico, genético y molecular

Introducción La Neoplasia Endocrina Múltiple tipo 2 (MEN 2) se define como un conjunto de síndromes de herencia autosómica dominante, con alta penetrancia y expresividad variable, en el que mutaciones en el proto-oncogén RET dan origen a tres fenotipos diferentes: Neoplasia Endocrina Múltiple 2A (MEN2A), 2B (MEN2B) y Cáncer Medular de Tiroides Familiar (CMTF). Los distintos componentes clínicos de cada uno de ellos son: - Para MEN2A: Cáncer Medular de Tiroides (CMT), Feocromocitoma, Hiperparatiroidismo. A veces, liquen cutáneo amiloidótico o Enfermedad de Hirschprung. - Para MEN2B: CMT, Feocromocitoma, hábito marfanoide, ganglioneuromatosis intestinal, neuromas mucosos, escoliosis vertebral. - Para CMTF: CMT con o sin Enfermedad de Hirschprung. La importancia de la detección temprana de alteraciones en el proto-oncogén RET reside en la posibilidad de identificar a individuos portadores antes de la aparición de la enfermedad, previniendo así el desarrollo del cáncer medular de tiroides y controlando de cerca el desarrollo de otro de sus componentes clínicos para el tratamiento precoz. Este estudio se centra en la Región de Murcia donde existe una alta prevalencia de MEN2. Con este trabajo se pretende realizar un estudio descriptivo de los pacientes, comparándolos con los datos encontrados en otras poblaciones. Para ello se van a analizar distintos aspectos que se enuncian en el siguiente apartado. Objetivos 1. Analizar epidemiológicamente la presentación de esta enfermedad en la comunidad autónoma de la Región de Murcia. 2. Valorar la utilidad del diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad a través del estudio genético de todos los pacientes, estando éstos agrupados por familias. 3. Establecer si existe correlación genotipo-fenotipo. 4. Establecer los principales marcadores clínicos y bioquímicos de la enfermedad 5. Establecer los principales marcadores pronósticos de la enfermedad. 6. Valorar la utilidad clínica de los cambios realizados evolutivamente en las técnicas quirúrgicas. 7. Valorar la importancia del diagnóstico genético preimplantacional (DGP). Métodos A partir de los datos recogidos en las historia clínicas de la consulta monográfica de MEN del Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, se ha realizado un análisis descriptivo de todas las familias MEN 2 conocidas hasta la fecha del presente estudio. En total son 137 individuos portadores de alguna de las mutaciones del proto-oncogén RET, de ellos, 135 expresan fenotipo MEN2A y pertenecen a 25 familias no relacionadas entre sí, y los otros dos pacientes expresan fenotipo MEN 2B. Conclusiones 1. Existencia de una elevada prevalencia de MEN2 en la Región de Murcia (9 casos por 100.000 habitantes), siendo la zona del Altiplano la de mayor incidencia, en concreto los municipios de Yecla y Jumilla. La mutación genética más prevalente en la Región es la Cys634Tyr (codón 634-exón 11). 2. El diagnóstico precoz mediante el despistaje genético de los familiares de los casos índice de MEN2 es de vital importancia para evitar la aparición de CMT mediante el abordaje terapéutico en estadios pre-tumorales. 3. Se evidencia la asociación entre el genotipo y fenotipo. 4. La exploración clínica, las técnicas de imagen e histopatológicas son fundamentales para el estadiaje de los tumores del MEN2. 5. Los principales marcadores de evolución y pronóstico del CMT son el estadio tumoral y la edad al diagnóstico. 6. La mejora en las técnicas quirúrgicas y de tratamientos coadyuvantes hace que en las últimas décadas haya un mayor porcentaje de curaciones y/o estabilizaciones del CMT. La cirugía profiláctica se posiciona como el mejor avance quirúrgico en el tratamiento/profilaxis del CMT del MEN2. 7. El diagnostico genético preimplantacional hace posible la selección embrionaria con el fin de poder erradicar la transmisión de esta enfermedad. Introduction Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 (MEN2) is defined as an autosomal dominant disorder in RET proto-oncogene mutations with high penetrance and variable expressivity, and is characterized by three different phenotypes: Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), type 2B (MEN2B) and Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer (FMTC). The different clinical components of each one are the following: - MEN2A: Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma (MTC), Pheochromocitoma, Primary Parathyroid Hyperplasia. Sometimes, lichen planus amyloidotic or Hirschprung Disease - MEN2B: MTC, Pheochromocitoma, marfanoid habitus, intestinal ganglioneuromas, mucosal disturbances involving lips and tongue, spinal scoliosis - FMTC: MTC with or without Hirschprung Disease An early detection of mutations in the RET proto-oncogene has been shown as the possibility to identify individuals carriers before the onset of illness, preventing the development of medullary thyroid cancer and also controlling the development of another of its clinical components for early treatment. This study is focused in the Region of Murcia, where a high prevalence of MEN type 2 is existed. A descriptive study of the patients is intended in this work, compared with the data found in other populations. Different aspects or objectives are set out in the following paragraph. Objectives 1. Study the epidemiology of this disease in the Region of Murcia. 2. Study the usefulness of early diagnosis of this disease through genetic screening. 3. Establish a possible genotype-phenotype correlation. 4. Establish the main clinical and biochemical markers of this disease. 5. Establish the main prognostic markers of this disease. 6. Evaluate the usefulness of evolutionary changes in surgical techniques. 7. Evaluate the importance of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Methods A descriptive analysis of all MEN 2 families known until now has been made from the data collected in the clinical histories at the monographic MEN consultation in the University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca (Murcia). In total 137 individuals have been carriers of some of the RET proto-oncogene mutations, which 135 show phenotype MEN 2A belonging to 25 families not related to each other. The other two patients show phenotype MEN 2B. Conclusions 1. A high prevalence of MEN type 2 in Region de Murcia (9 cases per 100000 residents) has been found. The highest incidence is been in the Altiplano area, in particular the population of Yecla and Jumilla. The genetic mutation Cys634Tyr (codon 634 - exon 11) is been the most prevalent in the Region. 2. Early diagnosis with genetic screening is found vital to prevent the MTC through the therapeutic approach in pre-tumoral stages. 3. A genotype-phenotype correlation has been demonstrated. 4. The clinical examination, imaging and histopathologic techniques have been shown as essential to staging MEN type 2 tumours. 5. Tumour stage and age at diagnosis have been identified as the main markers of evolution and prognosis of MTC. 6. The improvement in surgical techniques and others medical treatments have made that in recent decades there is a higher percentage of cures or stabilization of MTC. Prophylactic surgery has been positioned as the best surgical advance in the treatment/prophylaxis of MTC in MEN type 2. 7. The pre-implantation genetic diagnosis has allowed the embryo selection in order to be able to eradicate the transmission of this disease

Postoperative Diet with an Oligomeric Hyperproteic Normocaloric Supplement versus a Supplement with Immunonutrients in Colorectal Cancer Surgery: Results of a Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial

(1) Background: For normo-nourished colorectal cancer patients, the need for immunonutrients after elective surgery is not known. (2) Methods: Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, phase III clinical trial comparing the postoperative diet with 200 mL oligomeric hyperproteic normocaloric (OHN; experimental arm) supplement vs. 200 mL immunonutritional (IN) (active comparator) supplement twice a day for five days in 151 normo-nourished adult colorectal-resection patients following the multimodal rehabilitation ERAS protocol. The proportions of patients with complications (primary outcome) and those who were readmitted, hospitalized for <7 days, had surgical site infections, or died due to surgical complications (secondary outcome) were compared between the two groups until postoperative day 30. Tolerance to both types of supplement and blood parameters was also assessed until day 5. (3) Results: Mean age was 69.2 and 84 (58.7%) were men. Complications were reported in 41 (28.7%) patients and the incidence did not differ between groups (18 (25%) vs. 23 (32.4%) patients with OHN and IN supplement, respectively; p = 0.328). No significant differences were found for the rest of the variables. (4) Conclusions: IN supplement may not be necessary for the postoperative recovery of colorectal cancer patients under the ERAS regimen and with normal nutritional status at the time of surgery

Patient-Level, Institutional, and Temporal Variations in Use of Imaging Modalities to Confirm Pulmonary Embolism

International audienceBackground: The choice of the imaging modality for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) could be influenced by provider, patient or hospital characteristics, or over time. However, little is known about the choice of the diagnostic modalities in practice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations in the use of imaging modalities for patients with acute PE. Methods: Using the data from Registro Informatizado Enfermedad TromboEmbolica (RIETE), a prospective international registry of patients with venous thromboembolism (March 2001–January 2019), we explored the imaging modalities used in patients with acute PE. The imaging modalities included computed tomography pulmonary angiography, ventilation/perfusion scanning, pulmonary angiography, a combination of these tests, or PE signs and symptoms plus imaging-confirmed proximal deep vein thrombosis but no chest imaging. Results: Among 38 025 patients with confirmed PE (53.1% female, age: 67.3±17 years), computed tomography pulmonary angiography was the dominant modality of diagnosis in all RIETE enrollees (78.2% [99% CI, 77.6–78.7]); including pregnant patients (58.9% [99% CI, 47.7%–69.4%]) and patients with severe renal insufficiency (62.5% [99% CI, 59.9–65.0]). A greater proportion of patients underwent ventilation/perfusion scanning in larger hospitals compared with smaller hospitals (13.1% versus 7.3%, P <0.001). The use of computed tomography pulmonary angiography varied between 13.3% and 98.3% across the countries, and its use increased over time (46.5% in 2002 to 91.7% in 2018, P <0.001). Conclusions: In a large multinational PE registry, variations were observed in the use of imaging modalities according to patient or institutional factors and over time. However, computed tomography pulmonary angiography was the dominant modality of diagnosis, even in pregnancy and severe renal insufficiency. The safety, costs, and downstream effects of these tests on PE-related and non-PE-related outcomes warrant further investigation

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (4th edition)

In 2008, we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, this topic has received increasing attention, and many scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Thus, it is important to formulate on a regular basis updated guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Despite numerous reviews, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to evaluate autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. Here, we present a set of guidelines for investigators to select and interpret methods to examine autophagy and related processes, and for reviewers to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of reports that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a dogmatic set of rules, because the appropriateness of any assay largely depends on the question being asked and the system being used. Moreover, no individual assay is perfect for every situation, calling for the use of multiple techniques to properly monitor autophagy in each experimental setting. Finally, several core components of the autophagy machinery have been implicated in distinct autophagic processes (canonical and noncanonical autophagy), implying that genetic approaches to block autophagy should rely on targeting two or more autophagy-related genes that ideally participate in distinct steps of the pathway. Along similar lines, because multiple proteins involved in autophagy also regulate other cellular pathways including apoptosis, not all of them can be used as a specific marker for bona fide autophagic responses. Here, we critically discuss current methods of assessing autophagy and the information they can, or cannot, provide. Our ultimate goal is to encourage intellectual and technical innovation in the field